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The Brussels Post, 1916-1-27, Page 6OW AND WHY THE PUMP WORKS The Difference Between the Li ft Pump and the Force Puntir. Interesting and Instructive Facts 13y An Expert. Every farmer has become acquaint- ed with a pump handle from long and personal ,contact, and he has gained by 'experience—sometimes painful-- i a practical knowledge of how a pump I works. Fewer, however, understand the theory of the pump's action. This , !atter is both interesting and instrue-, tive. Every man 'who wishes to in-' sial a new pump or to repair an old one should study it. Dr. C. J. Lynde of Macdonald Col- lege, in his excellent Text book, Home Waterworks, explains very. clearly and simply the principles in- volyed in pumping water, From this source much of the following, which appeared in a recent issue of the Can- adian Countryman, has been 'secured. Contrary to general belief a pump does not draw water nor raise it by exerting a pull. What causes the wa- ter to rise is really atmospheric pres- sure on the surface of the water after the plunger has decreased the air pressure inside the pump. That is the first point that requires explana- tion. By experiment it has been proven room and expands to fill it; this de- creases the air preesure on valve C; the air in the pipe. P, being thus at a greater pressure than that in the bar- rel, lifts the valve C and expands into the' barrel, This decreases the pressure on the water in the pipe P, and the atmospheric pressure on the surface of the water in the well forces some water into the pipe. In (3) the plunger is moving down and some of the air in the barrel escapes through the valve A; the ' • the pipe re- mains the same, -..... valve C is clos- ed In the next one or two up strokes I@p'PCIOE 50PIP407105 ^' Fig. 3. Construction of the Force Pump. pose. And if the pump already in use is not working satisfactorily he will know just what.to examine in Patting it in order. Faulty valves or a defective air chamber are often at the bottom of the trouble. the operation illustrated in (2) is re-; peated, until the air in the pipe tad THE SICK SULTAN. barrel is removed, and until the at-� mosnheric pressure on the,water in the well has forced water into the Death of Mahommed V. Would Make barrel, After this the water above the Difference in Turkey. plunger is lifted against the atmos- The Sultan of Turkey, Mahommed pheric pressure by the up -strokes .of 'V.,the head of Islam and the 36th the plunger and the atmospherie ruler of the house of Osman, is sick. pressure on the water in the well Once such a report would bring up forces water in the barrel. visions of royal relatives mysterious - Compressed Air Aids in Pumping. 1y poisoned, bowstrung or dropped, There are several styles of force bound and sacked, into the dark wa- ters of the Bosphorus, and of fortune Itellers, wizards and exorcisers crowd- ing around the ailing sovereign's bed- Iside. Now the people talk of pro - I spective heirs and of regents, while Ithe Sultan's Christian ally commends him to Allah and sends his ablest physician. When the Young Turks lifted Ras - chid Effendi upon the throne from which they had shoved his brother, Abdul Hamid, they dragged a man of ' 65 from a palace where he had been all his life scarcely more than a pris- oner. In years of inactivity his body had grown big, big with width, breadth and length, a burden for his short legs. He was a sick man then. On the semlik Fridays the chalky paleness of his heavy face and the dullness of his eyes were accentuated 1 by the troops of young guardsmen in ' brilliant uniforms and the officers in !glittering gold braid who surrounded him. The picture had in it more of pathos than imperialism. When he went to appeal to the lay- alty of the Albanians on the field of 1 Kassovo, Macedonia, he was the first 'a�ano:io DR GLnRFt LIFT 1155157 0R 011511555 PlrIF,PW T WATER SUCTION' 0105 TUEOR 2*50 ATE __ �, _ ase 'Ottoman sovereign to visit his pro- _ on a mission of peace. But the Fig. 1. Different types of lift pumps These are used when it is de- 'Albanians, who had imagined the Sul - sired to lift the water only as high as the pump spout. 'tan had wings and few of humanity's frailties, were disappointed at the sight of the heavy feeble man in a black frock coat, and the mission fail- ed. He seemed to lack either the knowledge or the physical force to combat the shrewd politicians around him and he became merely a figure- head for the dominant party of the Committee of Union and Progress. Many things may happen with the passing of this sick man. He may be the last of the Osmanli to rule in Eu- rope; he may be the last to bear the honors and title of the Caliphate. But he has been a part of the almost for- lorn hope to restore the glories of the that a cubic foot of air at 32 deg. F. weighs lie.. ounces, while the great, sea of air above us, called the atmos- phere, exerts a pressure upon every square inch of the earth's surface equivalent to nearly 15 pounds. Thus the air acts, in this way, just the same as would any other substance of immense volume and great weight resting upon the earth.. This atmospheric pressure is made use of by two distinct classes of pumps, viz., the lift pump and the force pump. The former is used for': lifting water to the level off the pump and the latter or forcing it higher. In Fig. 1 the parts of the lift pump! are shown. To the left is illustrated one type in whi.., the lift -bucket or, plunger works in the pump barrel. One valve is in the plunger, and the other, the suction valve, is at the bot- tom of the barrel. Below the suction valve is the suction pipe, and at the' lower end of the pipe is the foot valve and strainer. The foot valve is not essential, but is generally used on long pipes. To the right another type of lift pump often used is shown. The prin- ciple involved is identical to that in the foregoing case. The cylinder is below the barrel. This arrangement is made sometimes to decrease the suction distance by bringing the cylinder nearer to the water in the well. It also helps to make the pump frost proof. For the latter purpose a small hole is tapped in the pipe just above the cylinder. A study of Fig. 2 will show just how and why the lift pumps work, The first two or three strokes of the plunger pump the air out of the bar- rel and pipe of the pump, and thus decrease the atmospheric pressure on the water in the pipe and the atmos- pheric pressure on the water in the well forces the water up the pipe and into the barrel. After this the plung- er lifts water against the pressure of the atmosphere, and the atmospheric pressure on the water in the well forces more water up the pipe into the barrel. Let us follow this operation step by step. In (1) the pump is full of air at atmospheric pressure. In (2) the plunger is being raised, the air in the barrel of thepump is thus given more pumps, the one in most general use being explained herein in detail. Of course all the others have the same principle involved. It will be noted in Fig. 3, that this style has a valve in the plunger and one in the bottom of the cylinder similar to those in the lift pump. It differs from the lift pump, however, in that the top of the pump is closed and there is an air chamber on the discharge pipe. There are many modifications of these parts. The air chamber makes the stream continuous and it prevents strains. It does both through air pressure ac- cording to the well known law that as the pressure upon air increases the volume decreases in exact proportion and that the compressed air exerts a back pressure. Thus when the water is forced into the pump barrel and discharge pipe as in the case of the lift pump, the air in the air chamber is compressed. If the air chamber is full of air at atmospheric pressure, 15 lbs. per square inch, then when it has been compressed to one-half its volume, the pressure will be 30 lbs. per square inch, since as the volume decreases the pressure increases in inverse ratio. On the up-stroke of the plunger in Fig. 3 water is driven partly into the discharge pipe and partly into the air chamber. The air in the cham- ber is compressed and, during the down -stroke of the plunger, it ex- pands and forces water into the dis- charge pipe and thus keeps up a con- tinuous stream. The air chamber prevents strains because of the following facts: Water is practically incomprehensible and it can escape from the discharge pipe at only a limited rate. If there is no air chamber and the pump and dis- charge pipe are full of water, any ex- tra force exerted by the engine .must be taken up in some way. The water cannot do this, therefore, it is taken up by the pump or engine, that is the pump or engine gives at some point and is strained. If, however, there is an air chamber, any extra force is taken in compressing the air and all straining is prevented. With these points in mind every farmer who is planning to buy a pump should be able to decide just which type will best serve his pur- VALVE ,h ',unman 11LVE e (1) ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE Fig. 2. The lift pump In action, ilhistratfng the action of atmosinlieric pressure in the well. empire, and has lived to see a Turkish army with munitions of war and sup- plies making a desperate and so far successful attempt to hold the almost sacred Dardanelles against a great enemy. f A COSMOPOLITAN VOLUME. The New Testament Is Translated Into Many Languages. iOn the continent of Africa alone the New Testament, or parts of it, have been translated into 148 lan- guages and dialects. The two latest additions are Dabida—a language of i British East Africa—and Limba—the language of a tribe in the hinterland of Sierra Leone. Parts of the New Testament have factually been translated into pidgin English, that strange lingo, half baby - talk and half slang, which is the chief means of communication through all the East. 1 The difficulties presented in trans- lating the New Testament into this barbarous hotch-potch must have been tremendous, but they have been sur- mounted. i Another language of the same sort is Chinook. This consists of about two-fifths Chinook, two-fifths Red In- dian tongues, and the rest English and Canadian -French. It is the tongue of barter on the Pacific Coast of Alaska and the Dominion. At least 50,000 Indians speak it, and lately St. John's Gospel has been issued in this jargon for their special benefit. 1 There is also a version of the Scriptures translated into the primi- tive language of the head-hunters of Borneo. It was made by German mission- aries, printed in South Africa, paid for with British money, and circulated in Papua. German Dividends Drop. The Berliner Tageblatt publishes a series of tables showing the dividend reductions of big German firms since the war. Among those who suffered most were the potash manufacturers, because of the complete cutting off of their export markets; the cement manufacturers, because of the col- lapse of the building trade, and in general, all firms manufacturing lux- uries for which there is no longer any demand. RUSSIAN ROYALTY AT PLAY '�4,Pr°�e ' c e e Mim, ftfeasWeSe 4 C 24241/./TCI-! AND CODS/N- CJ/NTL. FIGM SERVICE. • ThIs picture allows bow tFv `•••+•• ••• the throne of '"All the Rossini," onion himself in the winter 11 'e. The Cznret•ltelt Ls ebown stand- ing 00 10= - :.E Lente les cous.uS, Prince Rotoslav_ lflox,uutrovitoh sits at the back. MUSHROOM GROWING. Some Valuable Advice in Regard to the Industry. Professor 0. M. Morris, horticultur- ist of the ' Experiment Station at Pullman, Ill., gives the following ad- vice with reference to mushroom growing: The species commonly known as "Agaricus compestric" is one of the most commonly grown in the beds for table use. The mushroom grows best in moist, rotting vegetation and soil in a moderately low even tempera- ture. This can be provided in cellar, cave or under the benches in a green house. A temperature between 53 and 58 degrees Fahrenheit will give best results. The mushrooms will soil should be packed firmly and grow in higher temperatures but more smoothed down as nearly perfect as pests and other troubles are encoun- possible. Moisten the surface occa- tered under such conditions. sionally by sprinkling with water, The surface of the mushroom bed and see that the temperature of the. must be kept moist to prevent a room is properly maintained, that a' crust forming. The house must be reasonable amount of ventilation is kept well ventilated, but free from given and that drafts do net enter' drafts or strong light. Excessive the room and dry off spots of the bed. moisture in the bed or au is injuri- The length of time required for the ous and liable to destroy the entire development of the crop after the life of the bed. The same degree of moisture in the bed should be main- tained throughout the entire life of the bed. The surface should be sprinkled frequently, but not enough to wet the bed more than an inch or two from the surface. The tempera- ture of the bed and air should be as nearly as possible the same. It is often advisable to sprinkle the walls and floor as well as the bed. The bed is best prepared by using manure from the horse stables in which is a good proportion of straw. Wheat, oat, and rye straw is the best shortage of men in the British labor material to use for bedding for mush- market has become more acute and room growth. If the material is fresh, has greatly increased the demand for it is much better than if having gone women and young gals as substitutes. through the partial process of decay, Virtually every one capable of work- s the Board of Trade Labor the bricks of spawn into pieces about one and a half inches square. Place these in the bed about twelve inches apart in each direction. If you know your spawn is good, it can be placed from twelve to eighteen inches with good results. These bits of brick are buried about two inches deepin the manure. The manure is then drawn over them and packed again to a level surface. The beds can then be fin- ished and left for the final growth of the crop. The finishing or facing process con- sists of covering the bed with about' one and a half inches of fine garden loam. If it is a little sandy in char- acter it is that much the better as this character of soil will not bake or crust badly on the surface. This ENGINEER SAVED THE 51131'. Repairing a Warship's Moiler During it Bettie... During the' war in the Sudan in 1884.5, Lord Charles Beresford tools the steamer Satleh up the Nile to the rescue of Sir Charles Wilson's party, whielh wsss isolated in 'a hostile coun- try between the strong force at Wadi Habeshi and the Mandi's host mareh- ing down from Khartum, The expe- dition was once in great peril through an accident to the ship's boiler. The skill' slid courage of its engineer offi- cers saved the ship, however, as Lord cmoirshanes": tells in his interesting "Me - The Saflcb had passed the fort at Wadi llabeshi, when a great cloud of steam or smoke rose from the after hatchway. Instantly the rifle fire of the enemy increased. Chief engineer Benbow ran to the engine room. A. Maltese carpenter ran up to me, cry- ing, "All is lost, sare, myself and my brother, sate! The ship he sink, sarel" I promptly kicked him out of the way. The black stokers came rushing up from the stokehold hatchway. I did not know whether the ship was on fire or the boiler injured; but as the ship still had way upon her, I ordered her to be headed toward the bank. Mr. Benbow soon reported that the boiler was pierced by a shot, that the shot had entered above . the water line, and that the vessel was safe. In the meantime the two engine - room artificers had been carried up from the engine room so terribly scalded that the flesh of their hands, fore -arms and faces was hanging in strips. They had been stationed by Mr. Benbow between the boiler and the ship's side, with orders to insert shot plugs if the sides were pierced. In that position they were further from the exit than the Sudanese stokers, and therefore were more se- verely injured. I asked Mr. Benbow if he could re- pair the boiler, and he replied, "I think I can do it" Mr. Benbow, assisted by the leading stoker, drew the fires and pumped out the boiler. Iie found a hole some three inches in diameter, round which the plate had bulged inward. Mr. Benbow then set to work to make a new plate with his own hands. With no other assistance than that of the leading stoker, he cut a plate sixteen inches by fourteen, drilled the bolt holes in it, drilled holes in the injured boiler plate corresponding to the first, and cut the threads of the screws on bolts and nuts. Since the new plate was too thin to take the boiler pres- sure, he had also to bolt a new iron bar across it, drilling the holes through the injured boiler plate. During the whole time he was below in the stifling -hot engine room at work upon a task demanding at once great exertion and the utmost nicety, the fire from the fort never ceased. Bul- lets pattered continually on the hull; some of them pierced it and struck the wounded men who lay below. At any moment another shell might burst i into the engine room; but Mr. Benbow went on with his work. ! About two o'clock, Sir Charles Wil - 1 son's wounded, and some guns, am- ! munition' and stores, Cl a small guard of the Royal Sussex, came downstream in a slugger, under the command of Captain Gascoigne. With placing of the spawn will ordmarrly vary from 40 to 60 days, sometimes reaching nearly 70 days before a good cutting can be obtained. them were two engine -room artificers of the naval brigade. I Whenthertifiartificers joined Mr. Ben - bow, he had been toiling single- handed, except for the leading stoker, for three hours. At five o'clock, after • another three hours' work, the plate and bar were made, the holes drilled in them and in the boiler, and the threads cut upon the bolts and nuts; but the boiler was still so hot that it was impossible for any man to go into it, and tine plate could not be fixed be- cause it was necessary to pass the bolts through the plate from the inside of the boiler. Mr. Benbow pumped cold water into the boiler and out again once or twice, but it was still too hot for a white man to endure. We smeared a negro boy with tallow, and I promised him a reward if he would go into the boiler. He was only too glad to go. He was lowered down, but he climbed out again faster than he went in. After a short pause he made another try. That time, in a frying heat that only a black skin could bear, he stayed inside and passed the bolts through, while Mr. Benbow calked both plates and bolts and screwed the bolts home. The boy was none the worse in body and richer in posses- sions than ever in his life, By seven o'clock the job was done. You can see what it was for your- self, for the plate is now in the museum of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich. CHEMICALS COSTLY. English Chemists Are Making Up far Lack of Supply. ' Among the consequences of the war is the cutting off of supplies of syn- thetie chemicals from Germany. This resulted in a scarcity of certain drugs and in a considerable increase in the prices. Such preparations as antipyrin, as- perin and. phenaticine, too, have been subjected to extensive government de- mands, The British, russian and itals fan Governments require them in con- siderable quantities. Carbolic acid, from which salicylic acid and its variants are produced, has advanced by more than 600 per cent. English chemists are making up for the lade of German supplies, however',' Mushroom spawn can be obtained from almost any of the large seed houses. SHORTAGE OF MEN. British Women Workers Increasingly in Demand. Owing to active recruiting, the although if it has been tramped and ing, say pounded into fine particles, it will Gazette, has an opportunity of being still produce satisfactory results, The employed, and it is evident that still larger numbers of women and girls not previously employed in trade and industry are required in many oc- cupations. Compared with October, 1914, there manure is piled into large piles and moistened, but not given all the wa- ter that it will hold. It is allowed to stand in this condition for three or four days and then packed firmly into the beds. The best plan is to was a general improvement, especial - make the beds in a level floor and ly marked in industries engaged in pack the manure about one foot deep. supplying the vequin'ements of the If the manure is nearly half straw it forces. War bonuses and increases in will be better for the bed. Letting wages, taking effect in October and af- the manure heat until the straw fecting 180,000 work people, amounted changes from its bright golden color to about $115,000 a week. to that of a dull brown will be of ad- There is a general scarcity of col - vantage to the bed; it can then be�hery workers, farm hands and nave firmed, stramped, or packed in the:vies, vies, and the demand for work peo- bed and left there until the tempera- pre is still greatly in excess of the tare of the bed has run down to 60 supply in engineering and shipbuild- degrees or below. If many small ing trades. Shortages are reported mushrooms with a slender stem and in the glass, chemical, building and dark carp appear, it 15 a good indica- metal trades, and with regard to wo- tion that the bed is well prepared men, the demand for textile workers and that the manure is well suited to is still unsatisfied. the purpose. However, good success will often be obtained without this evidence. If there is not a good pro- portion of straw mixed in the manure it will frequently be found advant- ageous to mix in a portion of good garden loam so that it will ,pack well. Let this stand for two or three days after packing until it assumes the temperature desired, then the mush- room spawn should be placed in the Canary Export Trade Ruined. The business of the canary breeders of the Bars, (Germany). Mountains has been almost utterly destroyed by the war. Tens of thousands of cana- ries were exported yearly to America, France, England and Russia. The war has stopped this, and the domestic trade is almost completely at a stand- still. Virtually all the breeders have bed. This is usually done by cutting already abandoned the business. NEWS S FROM ENGLAND NEWS BY MAIL ABOUT :JOHN BULL AND HIS PEOPLE. Occurrences in the Land Vint Reigns Supreme in the Commer- cial World, Over 500 women are being trained as munition workers in Southampton,' (1' Birmingham education .estimates are $266,105 lower. Various evening (schools have been closed. The small parish of Bayborough, near Taunton, can boast of having contributed 140 men to the services, • I The bronze statue of Oliver Orem- ' well at St. Ives, Huntingdonshire, was found recently with its legs encased in puttees. The soldiers' and sailors' buffet in London Bridge Station, which is used by over 40,000 every month is to be (extended. At the annual meeting of the Mut- hasten Sparrow Club it was reported that local farmers have this year de- stroyed 13,705 sparrows. The Buckinghamshire Education Committe have appointed lady school attendance officers in the place of ofii- eials who have enlisted. I The Insurance Commissioners have refused to allow the London Insurance Committee to give "war bonuses'' to certain members of the staff. As a result of a mishap that oc- curred in the shaft at the Snowdown Colliery, near Dover, two men were killed and two others severely injured - One hundred and thirty dollars dam- ages and costs were recently awarded at Liverpool to a man who had caught barber's rash at a hairdressers. The Minister of Munitions an- nounces that he has made orders de- claring 333 additional establishments as controlled establishments, bringing the total to 2,026. Three pearl necklets sent shortly after the outbreak of the war to the Church Army in aid of their Red Cross work, have been purchased by Mr. E. Itercomb for $3,875. An important scheme of public im- provement is nearing completion in Rome Street, Brighton, one of the most ancient thoroughfares in the district. It is to cost $50,000. Another death, making the third, has taken place as the result of the train accident at Aston, Birmingham, on November 21. The victim, who was John 13aultain, aged 65, was a passenger on the car which over- turned. Having served through the South African War, Mr. H. Ridley, a grocer of Munro, Surrey, who has only one leg, offered his services to the War 'Office in any useful capacity and has been given a position in the Army Ordnance Corps. Fishermen recently made a strong appeal at a meeting of the Bridling- ton Town Council for enlarged accom- modation for landing and selling fish. It was stated that not for fifty years has so much fish been landed at Brid- lington, the value for one week being $6,000. ANCIENTS KNEW WAR GAME. Strange Contrast With Present Meth- ods of .lulling. Blockading and bloeleade running, of which so much has been heard re- cently, is not a young War measure by any means. One of the, earliest authentic instances of the practice dates back two centuries before the Christian era. Marcus Claudius Mar- celine, commanding a powerful Ro- man army and an efficient fleet, laid siege to the Isle of Cioily. Carthage, Rome's great rival on the north shore of Africa, one of the great sea powers of that time, was not at all pleased with the idea of Rome capturing Syra. cuse, a free city, and probably s source of great revenue through trade with Carthage. Syracuse was a well -fortified city and there seemed to be no immediate prospect of Rome taking it by storm, so Marcellus decided to starve its inhabitants into submission, says Munsey's magazine. He put a cordon of ships across the entrance to the harbor and arrayed his army on the land side so that no succor could come from without. But he had un- derestimated the boldness of the Car- thagenians. There was no question of eontrabrand in those clays—condi- tional or other. In their swift oar -driven galleys the sailors of the African city easily eluded the ships set to watch the port and carried provisions and war material into the beleaguered nity, So successful were the Canthagenians in getting supplies into the city-, running the blockade—that had it not fallen through treachery it would have been enabled to hold out indefinitely. While blackades prob. ably had been established before oih a .small scale, the blockade of Syra. ruse is one of the earliest instances where the efficiency of a blockade by sea was of vital importance in de- termining the success of war ou an important seaport, "Do you think you will be able to keep me out of prison 7" asked the client, after he had made a full con- fession to his lawyer. "I may not be able to do that, but I can make the prosecution spend a Tot of money in putting you there!" said the law. yen'.