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HomeMy WebLinkAboutThe Brussels Post, 1915-5-13, Page 611031 l §1 else in awe hardly +suliieient the Preemies of ane �,�'� �0�,41' Blind h feel= il arae q Why 16eu .Men Only fee also real ured'when the buoy tole• phone jn mpe4 to the su'rfatirs and Life commander at the other end of the wiry told them all woe weld on gad beard, be When the periscope 0f the U-3 x epppee ed, all„nlembere of the'crew the 1 two officers and caxwain ed climbed through the eubn'rerged tor- pedo tube and rose to the surface, Where they were quickly picked np, the These nren' wez'e equipped with div- ed ing helnnets anal soots. 1e Phe other three decided to re- ne main with the (submarine until she M, was raised completely, figuring ur Mere was enough oxygen left for cis them to remain aboard mealy, rw When the work of raising was corn- g- plated these men were found dead re in the conning tower. ,Appereartly ro they had nob miisealeulated the •sup- r,e, ply of oxygen, but death probably was due to retmospl1 eric pressure on the heart and lungs rather than suf- location, On April 15, 1910, Japan suffered the loss of the submarine No. 6, which sank in Hia+oahima Bay with s commander and fourteen mem- bers of the crew. News of -the sankang did not reach Tokio until the following day and then salvagie apparatus was sent from the cruiser Tapothaslhi. Divers descended and the suaken vessel was located. The salvage corps succeeded in raising it a few e days after the aceid+ent. The crew rd bad died from the results of car- bonic acid gas poisoning, conditions indicating that death had come three hours after the sinking of the submarine, art 2 P.M. - A m•anusoript, a miler's log, of rapidly approaching <death, was Found in the Conning Tower. This manu,scmpt had been prepared by Lieut. Sakura, who commanded the submaarine. England sustained a severe loss when on February 2, 1912, the sub- marine A-3 collided with the Bri- tish gunboat Hazard off' the south- west coast of the 'elle of Wight. The submarine went to the bottom like a Twe cloelcs'were found on boa the Latin. One hard stopped 10 :32 o'clock, The minetc hand h •a en offre other • .•look, but t hour hand showed the benne appru ivesteiy 11:10, in spite of this e, mmission deolded the imprison n, e had lived less than fifteen no Utes, A French enbmarine also was victim of an aocldent which shook the world en , May, 1910. On t] 27th of that month the submari Pluviose left Calais at 1 :45 P. for submersion tents. half sty he later the steamship Pas de Cat of the Calais and Dover Line, ca lying passengers and mail to En land, left her• pier, There we many Americans on board, wi subsequently were witnesses to to fatal accident. Jot. think of it! SeereeJy more than a hundred years ago it was not known that there wee any human being who eaw green when red was shown to him. In a word, calor blindness wax unknown. The bare feet drat some eyes are 'born not to possess normal vision for colors was wholly unknown. Then a non-medical man, the die tingu'ishe�cl ebemist Dalton, who discovered that he himself was color 'Wed to red, startled as usual the soapteeel medical world with the: announcement that there were many persons thus affected. Indeed, phy+sieians who did not scuff at Dalton called the trouble Daltonism, an,cl the subject of color blindness was not .given praobical imporrbance until the present gener- ation, when the Swedish physiolo- gist -also not a doctor of medicine -emiphasized its relationship to. railroad wrecks, wrecks on light- house reefs and similar'• eanergen- eiee. Only in the past dozen years or so has it become imperative in all civilized countries, in recognition of the immense numbers of .persons who are color blind without know- ing it, to demand that all appli- cants for railroad, art, steamship and engineering positions shall submit to color tests. One amen al - moat in every twenty is color blind. The new discoveries about color blindness are many and increase al- most every day. It has just been found that women are never color blind. Yet color blindness is a oharacteristie that is inherited and passes en from generation to gen- er mean, 11ins seems odd at first thought. Nevertheless Dolor blindness is in- herited, according to the laws of Mendelian hereditary. If all are born girls, it remains dormant and i reappears u one of every four male children of the next -generation. In consequence of this, it is called a sex linked characteristic. One investigator, Dr. W. H. Howell professor of physiology at Johns Hopkins University report- ed that color blindness is more common an'omg imperfectly educat- ed persons than among college and university graduates, This is not true. It has nothing to do with education, although there is a form of defective vision which prevents the eye from seeing colors perfectly. This is due to tobacco and is not true of color blindness. Another statement made in Prof. Howell's great volume on physio- logy is that one-hundredth of 1 per cent, -one women in ten thousand -of wu•men are color blind. Wo- men are never Dolor blind, That is an errur. Even the most masculine of the sex have not yet been shown to be color blind. There are two types of complete color blindness, eaeh of which has to do with groups of color -red to blue and white and black. When the color Mind man has two im- portant eolore such as red and green and their combinations of fee'.ed he ls, seed to be "diehro rnaeie," When he is totally eoloz bili .d and sees merely white, gray and Meek be is "monoclrromatzm„ -he color blind w.ho' wme into the double color errors are, in turn, subdivided into three groups. They are red blind, green blind gond vie- - let blind, Red-blindnees is the one mast frequently encountered, These men are really Mind to both green and red and they distinguish only yellows and blues, To such unhappy portions green, red, and orange incl vell•rw ell ap- pear as yellow of varying tints. Therefore if a man happens to see too much yellow and light browns around, he Arad beat test lie eyes for culur ,blindness. Ile will run right past a red flag or a green light and think it yellow. Be will also mistake greenish blues and bluish greens es gray and the 'blue violets and purples all strike his eye as blue. Moreover, if he looks et a rainbow ora spectrum of all the calors he will nut see beyond the green, which will appear yel- Iow. A neutral band of gray will also be seen sometimes in' the ram - bow or other spectrum between the blue and green. In this common type of red blind- ness the peculiar defect is absence of any recognition of green. 7;t le confused with dull reds and grays. Everybody knows that when any one stares fixedly at a eoler and closes his eyes an opposite color - called a veered after image -is to be seen. In the other great division 0'f col- or blindness there is an entire loss of vision for all eclurs. Everything appears in shades of gray. The eye is supersensitive to light. Thus, to say re person sees every- thing with a jaundiced eye may be more true than poetic. The very central pert of the -inner back wall of the eyeball -the retina --contains the seat of color vision. Its innermost bullseye contains the' visual points fur green. The next outer ring of the bullseye is red, the third outer one - blue, then white, and the outermost black, If you paint a target on the wall and make the rings from the bullseye to the circumference each •green, red, blue, white and Meek, you willhave the condition in a healthy normal re tine,. These questions are often asked "I would like to beeeme a sailor or an engineer. Can I be cured of color blindness? Can I train my- self to an intellectual knowledge of the differences?" The answer at present is unfortunately no. The hereditary factor er "unit charac- ter," as it is called, which causes color blindness to pass on forever through the generations is con- tained in the mysterious Pandora's box of dark pigment present in the "nucleus"" or yolk spot of the hu- man egg. Until science unaw.vels this, ()tiler blindness will continue to pass on from mother to son, HEM TOLL OF SUBMARINE HAS CAST MANY LIVES IN ITS Dl;s'EL0PMENT. Print']ptrl C9r1'4es of Accidents Have Been Collision With Other Vessels. The sinking of the United States submarine F-4 while manoeuvring in the water's off Honolulu recalls ne of the disastrous accidents hat have happened to submarine boats of the other naval powers which have experimented extear- seeely with undersea, craft -France, England, Gerrnany and. Japan. Although the sinking of the F-4 is the first fatal accident the United States navy has experienced with submarines, their development in the case of the four other nation's has been aecempanied by Many Terrific fatalities. All of them have lost submarines with their mews-, the principal 'cause of these accidents being the result of the submariner o'chiding with other veseeis, in some cases with war vessels acting as guar - diens white the submarines were manoeuvring. As a rule the sub- marine alone sugared from them collisions, •sinking before add could reach- them. In 190e France sustained s sub- nrna•ine logs which nob only shocked that nation but stunned the marine authorities o£ the world, On Oeto- be,r 16 of that year the eubmarins heat Lutin with thirteen men aboard started out in the warming for her submersion trials in the waters near Bizerte. The vessel descended ,and did not rise again. elev. waiting tor her to re -appear tlhenffioers on the accompanying warship became anxious, but Uvey did nob abandon hope, and her late dose lei doubt far some time, I''inally it was decided that the Lubin 14y at trine. beet%a of the. sea et n depth offorty mater's, Vessels equipped ieithl the necessary appa- ratus were hurriedly summoned to drag the spot where the Submarine Disappeared and after some hours work they sueeeecled in locating what was be- lieved to be the sunken submarine. On October 18 word was flashed to the Minister of Marine in Paris that the Lutin had been found at a depth of 118 feet. He was inform- ed that the vessel was lying on her side and that while the hull of the vessel wars intact, the probable chances were that the entire Drew had perished. Despite all efforts the Lutin was net raised until October 28. The submarine was towed to the Ferry- ville duck near Tunis. Efforts were immediately made to remove the bodies from the vessel. They were fuuncd de be decomposed, prin- cipally by reason of the acids that escaped from the batteries. A commission was formed to in- vestigate the accident. On Novem- ber 21 Minir,ter of Marine Thomson announced its report. The commission found that a peb- ble had been the direct cause of the accident. An interior bulkhead of one of the water ballast compart- ments near the stern woos too weak to wittrstesnd the pressure of the in- take of water and h+ad given way, Thia ahnorsnal pressure was due to the fact that the correspom<ling in- take of water had not olosed be- cause of the presence of a pebble in front of the sluice gate of the sea valve. According to the commission most of the 'crew had taken refuge in the manoeuvring compartment, but the members had quickly become af- fected by the increased air pree- sure. An attempt had been made to open the hood, but had failed, principally because of the weakened condition of the men, The bodies of three of the Drew were found in a position which indicated they haat] Made an Attempt to Escape through the open hood, The body of the eommande,r was found with hie right hand detailing the vile ladder below the hoed, His left hand nested on the -rank which. opened the hood, but he had been: stumble to turn the Drank because) bwo bodies were wedged in the cup - rd at The Pas de Calais heel got well out into the stream when her pad- dle Wheel ntruek something wbit"h caused the steamer to rock aiolently and come to a stop, The captain thought he bad hit a submerged wreck. As he stood deliberating the form of the Pluviose Arose to the Surface in the wake of the steamer. The captain immediately ordered out the boats to go to the aid of the submaa'i The sailors quickly reached th submarine and climbed aboa her, They rapped loudly on the steed shin, hut received ne re- sponse. Suddenly the Pluviose be- gan'to sink, and the sailors barely had time 'to climb back into their boats. Without warning the sub- marine plunged beneath the waves. The Pas de Carlais put hack to port and transferred her passengers and mail to another vessel. News • of the accident quickly spread eo Calais and Paris. Torpe- do boat destroyers and . two tugs were despateehed to the spot. The crew of the Pluviose consisted of a commander, three officers and twenty-four mem, The salvaging vessels formed a ring around the spot despite the strong north.-e,asteriy swell. ECM - divers nsacie attempts to descend ter rescue the imprisoned crew, bet owing to the strong tide had to give up. Attempts at -rescue were given: up for the - time being and it was ' decided to.send powerful tugs an, dredgers from Cherbourg to re - corer the ,submarine. All the available chain in Calais was requisaoned and placed at the disposal of the divers. Although the submarine went down a mile Tram shore it was decided to fasten the chains to her and have power- ful tugs drag rho vessel to shallow water. The Pluviose lay in seven- teen meters of water. As soon as petrol appeared on the surface of the water it was decided that the tanks had been broken by the ool- elsion and neo hope was held out for the Crew. Lees than a year after the sink- ing of the French submarine Plu- viese Germany suffered the loss of a submarine when the 11-3 was sunk in Kiel harbor on January 17, I911, The U-3, with a crow of thirty, was mamoeuvring in the harbor when she plunged to the bottom shortly after noon. Her absence W41.9 discovered immediately and the repair ebip Vulkan, tender for sub- marines, equipped with onames, was brought to the spot. Divers des cemded and succeeded in placing. heavy chains around the tapering ends of the submarine. A feature of this accident was the fact that duringthe time the crew 'remained imprisoned in the subm,ar- in,e sixty feet below the surface they communicated With 'Their Rescuers through a telephone attached to a buoy which was released from the bow of the submarine a few minutes after she had gone to the bottom. A11 through the rescuing operation' the oommander of the U-3 kept in communication with the rescuers and directed the work of rescue. Although the U-3 slipped from the grappling chains of the Vulkaan more than once, the rescue ship eneeeeded in bringing the submar- ine to the surface in three hours. Eight hours had elapsed from the time the U-3 went down until the Vulkan brought her up. The au- thorities were not worried by her prolonged submersion, because they knew that the submarine had enough oxygen in her tanks to last for twenty-four hours, They were stone, 'causing the death sat four officers and a arrow of ten, The 4-a was one of the -oldest type of 'English subIl ardncax, w type Which was very Unfortunate, 10 Februtery, 1905, the 11-5, while eta- tioned at. Queenstown, was 'tike s-cone of an explosion which cost the lives of eix of tone crew, twelve being injured; The A-8 sank off Kereee'th.in Jana, 1906, fourteen members of a Drew of eighteen los- ing their lives. The A-6 melt at Pcatsnrouth in November, 1905, but The Entire Crew Was Resealed with great difficulty, 'Dhe old .A-1 collided with the steamer Ber'wiek Castle in 1904, twelve' members of the crew being drowned, whnis so- ven members of the crew of the new A-1 were injured fn an explosion which ooeurred on August 6, 1910, A peel -direr neeidemit helve -reed to the United States submarine F-1 on Octoberr 11, 1912, when the sub- marine was manoeuvring in the wa- ter neer Feet Watsonville, Clad, The vesrsel crashed into a pier and drifted out of ehe reach of assis- tance. Two members of the crew, John Schroeder and E. 'Duroett, were drowned, The, body of Scree - der dented ashore, but hour he &s- eeped from the watertight su'bma.r- ine remained a mystery. SOLA) FIRST TEA IN I✓N'GLAND. Dan Rawlinson's Sign Still Hangs Over Successor's Shop. ' Two tradesmen, or rather, two firms, mentioned by Pepys, still ex- ist -Hill, the Bond Street violin maker, and Dan Rawlineon of Fen- churee' Street, the first grocer to sell tea in England, wtbose ooneern survives under'tbe name of David- son, Newman & Co. The identical sign of three sugar loaves that hung over Rawlineon's shop adorns the Present establishment. There too may be seen the canisters and scales dating 'from the 17th century. Dan Rawlinson charged This custom- ers $15 a pound for tea. Scheme to Invade n • Ppnlace Still Firmly Believes That Kaiser's Army Can March' Victoriously Over England. Two movements, apparently di• verse in character, but in reality correlated, reeenBly sprang into existence in Germany, writes a neutral correspondent who has been on a business trip to Ger- many. These movements seem to have the same aim in view, namely, to bring about a 'speedy elose ofthe war. Both parties are working si lently; no documents referring to their projects are allowed out of the hands of their trusted agents; everybody is approached personal- ly, so that no information, may leak out, either through treachery or by an incautious act, No official name is attached to either of the movements, though the government is of every stop taken by the chief ,promoters tend has sanc- tioned everything that has been done. The secrecy enables the authori- ties to keep doors open for escape in the event of failure, and the gov- ernment would then be able to de- clare that everything done had been done without its knowledge and would not, bad the facts been known, have obtained under tee circumstances its permission. The first movement refers to 'th: collection of funds, already said to have reached several million marks, to be presented as'a special reward to the army which'hasbeen 'assemb- led and is now ready to invade Great Britain. This event is to take !place when the British fieeb has been substantially reduced by means of submarine attacks and losses which the forcing of the Dar- danelles --an impossibility in the opinion of the German authorities --must entail. The invasion ,plan is reported to have been worked out in such de- tail that German railway officials have been appointed to take charge of the railway stations in the par- ticular district where a landing is contemplated, and every one of Chess new station masters knows exactly where to go. The invasion scheme is a strong favorite with a large percentage of the German public, who have still not a, shadow of doubt about the empire's final victory, The contributions to the fund vary from the greschen-about one and a half -sends• -which the school children bring to tize schoolmaster, up to the more substantial amounts collected by women by organized house to house canvassing. Ohil- dren, schoolmasters and women, of course, play a prominent part in the many was, propaganda which still are very much to the front in all grades of society in Germany. The other movement is patroniz- ed by the anore serious part of the German nation-, .that part which knows where the shoe pinches. As it costs nothing to join this move- ment -an attraction never despised at any time in Germany -it has met with much support, eapeoially among business anen, house and land owners, artisans, these chiefly among the building trade, aid.last but not least, a certain section of the social democrats, the so-called "rebels." The promoters' endear - r is concentrated upon obtaining .ignatures to a petition which it is intended to present to the Kaiser, having for its object the stopping of the war ab the earliest possible moment, as the financial losses suf- fered have (been almost ruinous, Admiration of the glorious vic- tories achieved Iby the army is ex- pressed in no measured phrasing, and while the ,signatories have not the slightest doubt of Germany's ability to -rush the countries' en- emies, they nevertheless venture to suggest to the Kaiser's advisers that peace on reasonable terms would be exceedingly welcome to them. In well-informed •circles -it is said that the Kaiser is (behind this stop - the -war movement; indeed, that he has even expressed guarded ap- proval of the scheme, In any case, however, it will be interesting to watch developmenbs in connection. with this 'natter. (LEETS OF FORMER DAYS 1 WAR CRAFT OF EARLIER DAYS NUMERICALLY STRONG, Spaniards Mustered More Ships Than are Gathered Together by Netlons. Now. There is no certainty as to the total 'number of .the allied fleet gathered at the Dardanelles, but whatever the number, it is a mistake to say that it is the largest in number of any naval Rest ever assembled, The most formidable, no doubt, in tonnage, weight of metal and other elements ofoffence, but not the largest numer•i. calIy. At La Hogue, May 19, 1692, the French had 76 vessels and the Eng- lish and Dutch allies 56-60. Blake had 46 vessels at Dungeness, Nov. 28, 1652, against Van Tromp's 98, and the Dutch under Van Tromp off Goodwin Sands,' Oct. 20, 1639, had 110 vessels to 67 in the Spanish fleet, Sept, 1, 1591, occurred what Rawson in his "Twenty Famous Battles" cans "the. most-eonspieuously gallant fight -in all the annals of naval warfare," when 53 Spanish' vessels were fought',single' handed at 'Flores; in tile -Azores, by the English nein-Of-war' Revenge; coon mended by Sir Richard .Grenville; who scorned to follow tiie.0Wer five British Hee .of battleships' Howard's' -fleet when-they=ran from what they regiirrd. ed with reason as a hopeless fight, The Spaniel' had 120 ships In the Armada they launched against Eng- land July 29, 1586, and the English a scratch fleet of 197 vessels, mostly small ones, no match for the formid- able Armada, which evidently expected to tow the British -Islands home with them. At Lepanto, Oct. 7, 1571, the Spaniards had 300 sail and the Vene- tians 316. Mark Antony's Fleet. If 'we go still further back we fine at Actium, B. C. 31, 500 ships under Mark Antony and 250 -under Oetavfus Caesar. The young Octavfus won the battle by his possession of more mo- bile vessels. The pirates at Ildyria had -devised a light and powerful craft, long and narrow, sharp at either end, with a powerful ram, a mast in the centre and two banks of oars. They were of light draught, easily handled, and possessed one of the great indispensable factors ex naval success -speed, a -factor which can never be disregarded with im- punity in the construction of ships. This sort of vessel contributed Iargely to the effeotiye force of Octavius. The largest fleets in numbers were at Salamis, 421 B. C., - when the . Per scans had 700 vessels of the class con- sidered -formidable in that day and .the Greeks 380; These vessels were most. ly triremes, boats witb three benches for the rowers, and a mast that could be raised or lowered by means of stays. We mast carried square saint. There was -some chivalry ina naval fight in the good old days of Blake and Van Tromp, when sneaking sub- marines and barbarous torpedoes were unknown, and naval comman- ders "courted war like a mistress," When the Spanish Admiral Oguen- do declined to come out of the shah low waters of Goodwin Sands to fight because he had no powder, Van Tromp said: I have powder enough o for Both. I will give you half or mine," NEWS FROM SUNSET COAST. WHAT 'P1U9 WESTERN PEOPIAS Alia DOING. .Progress of the Great Weet ''l'oltl In a Few Pointed Paragraphs, sf Britis7,OOoh mdd0odresn,mbia 115s.. a coast line Asbestos ince been diecove•rsd is Iithe.d, Cold King mine near Oi'ovillo, Last year in B. C. bounties were paid 138 coftoyotes, 382 wolves, 980 cougar's and At North Vancouver, Harry 'Ste- v'ens wee fined $50 for driving en , au'hwle drunk. l�toorwBelgian relief, $175 was rased by z•afflnn•g a diamond ring at Grand Forks, B.C. A Dolly Vardar trout weighing 224 Sicamous, lbs; waB",s 0, oaug'ct in the Jake at It is expected' that this l'nar 750 special trainloads of tourists well visit the Pacific coast. At Salmon Arun, B.C,, C. Bean and his niece killed a cougar in a barn with pitch forks, - 1t is. e7epeeted:.bhist''-fbjrty fis!liing boats from Seabtl+e will be located at, Prince Rupert:soon. At Revelstoke, B:0,,:Mee. J. P. Kennedy died of heath Mauls while coming home from church, Dividends paid by mining com- panies in B.C. for the :fleet. quarter of the current year totalled $1,- 497,386, • The ourferw has been re -intro- duced at B•leirnione,, B.O., and chil- dren must now be off the streets et 9 p.m.. The Beecher Hotel at Rieke aCreloseks in the$50,000. Chi+lootin dietrict, 73. 0., was recently burned, causing . 0f. Several people an Canada have not heard of the war. They live at Hudson Bay posts, and only.:gelt mail in July 01 each pear. At Greenwood; -B.O., anyone• wish'mg-'the-'use of a+ -vacant lot for gardemrng• purposee can obtain - mine -on-applying .to the town coun- o-il. • Trail,- B.C:, smaelter•is now em-.. ''ploying 700' men 'and the• output --lis greater than during the same per- iod last year. More mem are em- ployed than last year. The autlrorilties contemplate mov- ing all the aliens in the military prison at Vernon, B.C., to Chilli - week, where they will be put to work clearing land. The jailor at Revelstoke; B.O., received five pounds from a ,ever" in England who had -been* kindly treated by the jailor while in "dur- ance vile' in Revedsioke. At Sumas, B.C,, the fire ohiof us adid a salary of $15 a addition he receives• $37 formonth, driv- ing the eiity team, and furnishing a stable for the :horses, J. J. Bassett has found a. rare mineral an the Gladstone claim near Phoenix, B.C., and a few miles from Greenwood. It ie chromite, showing microseopisaul diamonds. A party of six men recently left 1lazedton, B.O., with them dog tcaarts for a. five months trip in tee far north. They will .take moving pictures, especially of big .game in the natural state. With a loss of nearly $500,090, tine thriving town„ of Comaplex, 13. C., was wiped out by fire. Seven hundred -carloads of lumbar were burned, and the steamier Revelstoke was burned to the water's edge. Iarr•.endiarism is suspected. Ds , George • Joxd'an got a verdict of $1,500 and costs against the city of North Vancouver, While cross - ng an a ferry last May the deck - ands while washing the dsek hosed eir. From the wetting he claimed that he developed rheumatism and thee ailmente, At e cost of $125,000, the were - deepening and widening the nar- ew charnel of rho Frame River at Hell's Gate, near C'hilliwack, 13.0., has been finally comp/abed, and as a result the sockeye salmon, on their way to the spawning grounde farther up the stream, wie'd. in fu - tune experience none of the dlih. oulty of bhe past in negotialing •bles river at this point. 0 "It is not only powder 1 need, but masts for my ships," replied Oguen- de. • To which Van Tromp replied: "I have plenty of masts, a whole shipload of them, and you can have them if you will only conte out and meet me." The result justified the caution of Oguendo, for when the two fleets did meet the Spaniards were so terribly beaten by the Dutch that of 67 ships only 18 reached Dunkirk in saf ety. ateteee tl�itr��� viesseeeternec �lfirt'+ k'aaVil.Ai.9iiglTibT,Ti.'l-J1.11,YATAIpP A, .tftm.K.a•u,srvs�+,. •. .._ t wa'rrrct�.'bn'Nn r o. Fleet of Four Motor Ambulances and a Field Eitelien Presented to the Canadian 7tetl Cross Association It, W. Leonard, St. Catharine4. or Servleo in Earope by lilt joy Cement Walks Not Slippery. There is a reason why cement pavements are not as slippery dur- ing a sleet -storm as bricks or pav- ing stones. A cement sidewalk which has been properly coileb'uct- ed is laid with considerable found- ation, planed a fear inches under the surface of the ground, sed con- structed of crushed stone, cindery ar 'sand. The paving is laid as lop of this, and the heat from the earth has a chance to warm' the female - tion material The ceanent being a degree or two ,weermer than stone or brick, and rooeiving:the heat of the earth through the foundation material,dee will emelt ortthe surface. quicker than on most other paving mater- ials, Button- fakers of Birmingham, England, undertook orders for sev- enty-two millions of brass bonbons for tile. British Army recently. The eatery of the First Lord of the Atimi,rsllty is $25,000,a year, to- gether with an ai;!om'aneo for a house,