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The Brussels Post, 1924-6-4, Page 6f'e'e� nt arming BROWN ROT OF "TONE I''B,UI'i`S. spot'es.:-Garvc ologiete f SUMMER IIOUSI S FOR HOGS. I use aummer %thins for my brood sows and produce parkeconomically," is a statement recently made by a hog raiser to a' group of about forty neigh. bore. From the nods of assent and from the discussion which followed it was easy to see that confidence in the movable hog houses was about unani- mous in that gathering. The same statement made in that community ten years ago would have caused a heated argument, The attitude of the average hog raiser toward the small movable hog house has changed. To -day the average man knows that by putting a sow out in a clean mov- able house he is subjecting her to about the same conditions as when years ago he got such nice litters by letting his sows farrow in a plum thicket ora straw stack. He realizes that the little shed is getting back to nature and is even better than a straw pile, because the sow and pigs are protected from severe Cold and rainstorms, More and better pigs are raised. These houses may be used in a num- ber of different ways with good re- sults. They may beused very satis- factorily for farrowing. If used for early farrowing several of them should be placed side by side and banked with straw. For late farrow- ing they need no banking. They may be used to house the sows Brown rot is found annually in th Iteech, plum and cherry orchards o Ontario. however in most years the attacks of this fungus are not severe and it is only when weather conditions are extremely :favorable to its devel- opment that serious epidemics of brown rot occur and great financial loss to the grower results. The destructive .attack of this fungus has assumed two forms --one an infection aif the blossoms, causing blossom blight, and the other a rotting of the fruit as it approaches maturity. Blossom, blight, especially on cher- ries, is often severe if damp, muggy weather prevails at that time. Again if the same weather conditions pre- vail at the time of ripening of the fruit brown rot sets in and great loss to' the crop will result unless careful, well-timed, suitable sprays or dusts are thoroughly applied. Blossom blight is generally initiated as a browning of the calyx lobe, but later may spread to involve the whole flower and the stem which bears lt. Such blossoms are killed and are therefore worthless from the stand- point of fruit production and they also serve to spread the disease through- out the orchard, since countless num- bers of spores are produced thereon. Those spores are carried by the wind to the fruit where they germinate under favorable conditions and cause infection. F Systematic pruning that tends to produce an open head is of prime im- portance in controlling brown rot, as bad air drainage favors this disease, Thorough applications of lime sul- phur or Bordeaux mixture just before the blossoms open (when they show white) ; just after the petals have fallen and when the shucks are shed should give good control. About 3 to 4 weeks before harvest if damp mug- gy weather prevails an additional spray will be necessary. Many grow- ers.are applying dust instead of spray for the later applications. In such cases a dust may be applied at any time up until harvesting if weather conditions warrant it. In the Niagara peninsula peaches generally are not sprayed for brown rot, as they receive only the dormant application for scale and peach leaf curl. If, however, later applications are applied, self -boiled lime sulphur, wettable sulphur, or sulphur dust should be used. The first brown rot application on plums is generally de- layed until the shucks are ofe the fruit. The brown rot fungus lives through the winter on the mummied fruit that hangs to the tree or falls to the ground. Mummied fruit that falls toy the ground and is not too deeply bur -j ied will give rise in the spring to microscopic, stalked, cup -shaped fruiting bodies which produce the spores that initiate blossom infection. However, if the mummified fruit is+ plowed deeply under they are unable to produce spores. This is the reason that plowing and cultivation of the orchard in the spring until after bloc soming time is recommended. Such practices tend to bury the mummified fruit and prevent the production of N. Berkeley, ram - which have been farrowed out in the central hog house and later moved to a clean field. Small houses are being used quite extensively as a part of a definite system of hog -lot sanitation. In following out one popular plan of hog -lot sanitation the central house is scrubbed with boiling lye water and sprayed with a good disenfeetant. The pens are then bedded with clean bedding. The sows are thoroughly brushed and their feet, legs and ud dere are washed with soapy water just before they are placed in the clean pens. When the pigs are from ten day +to two weeks old they are taken, with ,the sow, out of the central house for the first `time and are hauled to a small shed in a pasture where no hogs have been since a crop was grown. There the pigs are kept until they are about four months old, at which time they may be allowed the freedom ,of the old yards with no had results. Disease is reduced to the minimum where movable houses are used in connection with a systematic method of raising hogs in a sanitary way. Roundworms and filth -born diseases are prevented. As a result of having available plenty of pasture another link in the chain of economical production is pro- vided, and one of our cheapest and best feeds is used to a greater extent These facts are the basis 'upon which the principles -of a definite sys- tem of hog -lot sanitation have been worked out. The idea being none other than to raise more pigs per sow to a marketable age, to raise them in a seasonable length of time and at a cost sufficiently low to insure a fair profit. FRESH MEAT AT COST ALL SUMMER BY C. A. HOGSHEAD. Since so many farmers have little or no fresh meat during the summer months because of the high cost of beef at the butcher shop, or perhaps because of distance from the town butcher or both, I thought it might interest some one to know how so: many beef clubs are conducted in my neighborhood. There are some old clubs. It is not often that one not a member of a beef club has a chance to join a club. Ile generally has to, organize a new club, This is evidence enough that they are very satisfae- tory in supplying beef during the hot' months. First, look up eight men who would: like to have fresh meat during the. summer, who are interested to the cx tent of furnishing a beef. Meet and: sleet your nf8cer•s, the most important: being the secretary. Yeu decide on' price of beef, when you will begin i butchering, how often, what size„ whether steer or heifer or both, howl :fed, each man's time in butrhering,I whether two then of the club villi r agree to butcher all the beeves for a:1 reasonable tee at the owners farms! or whether each man kills his beef' 1 and ruts it himself. Tn have good beef it should be grain fed ---the long- er the better, Each nue can well af- ford to feed one beef grain when he remembers that he is to help eat seven other well-fed beeves. TEJ: siiCEE'rARv's Jos, The secretary keeps record of weight of animal furnished by each member, also whet price, and weight 1 received by each member at each but. shoring, so that eneb member at the 1 end of the season, has had a whole beef. The seri'etar•y books the pieces its "foreleg," "hind leg," "neck," and ,.rump: Two members of our club kill. rut up and divide the moat for our chili jar a small fee and do a nicer jrib than if Tom, Dick or Harry did the work. The beeves are killed on the several owners farms in the early morning (before the flies are bad) on Friday. In some clubs each man kills his own beef and takes it quartered to a central point for further cutting rind weighing. Some clubs use one pair steelyards to do all the weighing for the elub. This is easily carried about. The owner of each animal gets the hide, heart and liver of his owm animal. Clubs vary in the size of beef to be butchered. Some want 100-1b. beeves, net weight; same want 350 pounds, and some want 400 pounds. (All beef is the same price). WE BEGIN nrTCHEnING IN .MAY Our club begins butchering the lat- ter part of May, kills oete beef every two weeks until four have been killed. By this time harvesting, haying, etc.., are over, and we kill no more for three or four weeks. Then we kill one ovary two weeks until four more are killed, thus having beef for silo filling, turn cutting, wheat sowing, etc. Then we meet, settle up, and the thing is done. In this way, when each one does his part, you have a most satis- factory source of meat supply. A word as to keeping: You may use a refrigerator, an ice -box, or hang the neat down in a well hear the water, n an earthen nr wooden vessel Better still, if you fill an ice -house, dig dews nto the ice, having beef in bag or in a vessel. Cover over with ice and it will keep a long time, provided the ee does not melt oft'. We cut our steak ready to fry, pack in half -gallon fruit jars, bury in the ire, and often draw nut a half -gallon jar without disturbing the rest, Have an understanding about age of animals. If you kill old, or poor uePves, you will he dissatisfied. Sometimes,' when you do not have cc you could also have an ice club, too. 0 If man had net become a Minter or meat he would still he in the for- est. ----17r. Harry Campbell. The final teat /if fitness to govern is d always willingness to he governed,-- t 0,', L. P. Jacks, Fixing Up the Ohl Home The natural beauty of the location of our homestead should have made it attractive, but beeause of dilapidated fences, lack of shrubbery, holes in the lawn and meet at the doorways, it was not. So my first work after gaining possession, was the removal of some of the fences and the straightening oofothers, the pleating of shrubbery which I obtained for the asking, building gravel walks from the en- trances and leveling the lawn, all of which cost Inc only my labor. It has resulted 111 an improved appearancem which now draws favorable cement from passerby and, in the end, im- proves the value of the whole farm, —J. B. When we moved .on our present farm, the front yard was filled with stone which were once the wall of an old hall. The yard was also very uneven. We removed such stone as. could not be covered, filled in with dirt, making the yard level. Trees and shrubs were planted, while a vine, supported by wire, forms an arch over the gate. Evergreen trees now form a row along the driveway. Trees and brush, not touched for years, were pruned. An old silo pit, from which the silo had been removed, was filled with earth and planted to flowers and vines. This has brought about a won- derful transformation in our home. --J. H. D. I moved on this farm three years ago. While the buildings were good, the yard was literally filled with old machinery and other rubbish and in- closed with an old stump fence. I moved the machinery out of sight, burned the fence and raked the yard. Some shade trees were set out and old rose bushes pruned. When the grass started, we had the satisfaction of knowing that our neighbors appreci- ated the change.—J. G. The yard of an old neglected home was plowed and graded, The house was painted, A hedge of lilacs were planted on this slope. At the north side of the house shrubs that did not require much sunshine were planted. Along the borders, spirea were put in. Near the house a bed of giant pansies resulted from two five -cent packets of seed. On the end of the front porch boxes of climbing nasturtiums were placed. These were supplied from. three packages of seed. Maples from the woods were also planted in the; yard, while a few rosebushes, secured from a generous neighbor, found their proper place in the arrangement. While the results were transforming, it cost us just a little more than a day's work with the team and the nes- essai'y farm tools, it has brought ue much conifereeeDias. A, K. ,„. Ezekiel Encourages the Exiles, A.isalna 137; 1,6; Ezekiel 34. Never would you suspect that there was an old house within the eonvere lent farm dwellheg we now live in When we bought this farm ten years. ago, I could just hear some old treli- uses milling out for vanes to twine around them, Some I had clematis and honeysuckle running riot over these supports, How much they did add to the appearanee of our home, Spires were planted in front of the porch with ferns between. The spirea is beautiful in the spring with its sprays of white blossoms, while the ferns stay green until the fall frosts are here,, A rose garden has also been planted at the rear of the house. From our dining -room windows we can see flowers in bloom from the earliest tulips to the latest chrysanthmums, I love the perennials and am using more of them every year, as they re- quire less care than the annuais. Through replacing the little porch with a deep verandah that extends across the north side of the house and around to the east side, we secure a great deal of enjoyment. In remodel- ing the old house it has given us a handy kitchen with a dumb -waiter and a basement that occupies nearly the full floor area inclosed with high, dry, smooth walls. Upstairs there are three bedrooms and a bath and sewing room. Closets and draws are abun- dant. Furnace' heat, electric lights and running water complete the mod- ern home. We thought at first we could not afford to make these, changes, but by doing much of the work ourselves, it. has cost us comparatively little and we are glad we did it. One can find r.ore elaborate farm houses, but every dollar in this come from our hundred - acre farm.—J. E. M. Tile pay hoot JUNE, 8. Farmers' Days at O.A.C. The 0. A. College live stock has always enjoyed an excellent reputa- tion with the farmers of the province. It has never been exhibited at the fairs, but we are going to have •a live stock parade at the College on Farm- ers' Days, June 12th and 13th. With 100 head of excellent College stock lined up on the campus it will be quite a little show in itself. At the same. hour the departmental floats wilt ap- pear in parade to illustrate the pro- gress of agriculture during the past half century. Farmers from all coun- ties are coming. All roads will lead to Guelph during the O.A.C. Semi - Centennial. For Horne and Country GIRL'S JUDGING COMPETITIONS. This year a number of counties of Ontario are having competitions for girls in judging household exhibits. In most cases these competitions are organized by the Agricultural Repre- sentative, a coach for the girls being sent out by the Institutes Branch for a few days' instruction previous to the competition. In a number of dis- tricts, the Women's Institutes have assisted materially with this work by offering prizes, catering for the con- testants on the day of the competition, furnishing material to be judged, etc. In South Simcoe, the Institutes are themselves organizing a competition. These girls' judging competitions not only provide practical follow-up work after courses in domestic science; they, establish in the minds of the girls standards of quality and a pride in producing only the best. We feel that any assistance along this line is a worth -while piece of home economics work for the Women's Institute. LOCAL, EXTErnnoN wonle. The Westbrook Branch of the Fron- tenac Women's Institutes did a unique piece of extension work when, in con - unction with the pupils of the short course fn home economies at the East- ern Dairy School, Kingston, they served tea to about eighty ladies of a iearby township who are considering farming a branch of the Woolen's In- titutes. Tea wits served at the close of an address by Mises Chapman. The Dis- ritt President received the guests while the ]oral President presided at he meeting and the 'rice -Presidents poured tea. Junior members of the Institute provided a musical treat during the tea hour. The meatipg served greatly to foy- er the widening influence an Institute hould "exert. it also stimulated a spirit of co-operation and illustrated the beauty of its being more blessed to give than to receive—int thie mei'- renary age of the world a free-will gift to humanity. The Institutes of rrontena(' greatly airprcciate the aid of the Principal of the Dairy School, 1.11' 'J 1.'1t, in laking st ing possible. STANDING COMMITTEa Wong IN A anANCII INSTITUTE. . Occasionally thetaquestion arises Os 1 'to how i ,l ling committees can tune - tion in a branch institute, In an In- stitute of small membership, the syr - tem of havlive ing or 'six saparatc standing committees may nat be eroric- ahie. We have 'caste, however; where the standing committees have been a Oinile:strength to the Institute. Of hese Siren furnishes perhaps the most outstanding example, with C'oni- mittees on Better Schools, Home Econ- omics, Public Health, Publicity and Inunigration. The School Committee met the teachers upon their arrival for the fall term and found temporary board- ing places for them. They arranged a reception for the,,,teachers and par- ents. At the opening of the new school, this committee arranged the refreshments and the entertainment, taking care of a crowd of about seven hundred people. Perhaps in this fea- ture, as much as in any other, the In- stitute won the lysin appreciation of the school board. A piano was pro- vided for the school, the money being raised partly through teas given by the Institute and partly through a dance given by the teachers, With which the School Committee assisted., The Hosie Economics Committee has been instrumental in introducing sewing.„in the public school. The primary,' teachers volunteered to give an hour a week to teach sewing to the senior girls and the Institute pro- vided the necessary supplies, also gave prizes for the best work done. The Committee on Public Health assisted the Public Health nurse at her baby clinics, sent home -cooked dishes to a tubercular patient, bought linen and other supplies which the nurse required for a patient who had not been in town long enough to be settled. They served tea to the moth- ers at a baby contest at the fair. They arranged for addresses on dental hy- giene and goitre, these addresses be- ing givean by a dentist and doctor at the regular meetings. When the school nurse found a number of girls who were under weight, the Institute, at the recommendation of the health committee, gave prizes to the girl who gained the most from drinking mill`. This committee presented the school children. with Weight charts and per- suaded those under weight to take milk to school. The Publicity Committee attended to the advertising of meetings ands made the doings of the Institute: known throughout the community. The dutyof the Committee onIm- migration i - n mi ion WE IS stn visit now fart i' s g 1 ie. introduce than to neighbors, put them! ,in touch with their church society,' assist in times of sirkness, and intro.! duce the public health nurse to them, tiering the year they called on about two dozen .families and found .that their advances .were welcomed by the new comas. Nate. ---An 'Institute with a 'rural membership would'aiaturally feature strongly a Comrnittee on Agriculture, The Provincial Committee would also be pleased to !rear from any Institute having an active Committee 00 Legiee Wien. Golden Text ---1 will seek that pwbich was lost, and will bring back that which was driven away. — Ezekiel 34; 16. Ezekiel was a priest of the temple Tlie land.-itaelf, in this brighter lo- in Jerusalem, who was parried captive time, will be made abundantly pro- to Babylon in /ILO. 697, when the ductive. God's rich farces will be Chaldeans first took Jerusalem, 2 poured out freely, ":!'here shall be Kings 24110.16, five years later he showers of blessing.” 'was called of God to be a prophet to We still wait, as Israel waited, for his fellow exiles In that far-off land, Before the final destruction of Jeru- salem in B.C. 580, he had the hard task of rebuking false hopes of a speedy deliverance and restoration, and of endeavoring to justify to the exiles the doom oftheir b loved eity, , chs, 1 to 24.. After the fall of the eity he bears to than messages of 1 hope (see chs. 83-39), and portrays in, bright colors and with en archi- tea's exactness and fulness of detail, the rebuilding of the city and temple and reconstruction of the national life in a golden age of the future. His ministry continued for a period of rather more than a score of years. Psalm 137 presents a vivid picture of the exiles in Babylon, their home- sickness, their passionate love for the city of their fathers, and their hatred both of their Babylonian conquerors and their treacherous and heartless Edomite neighbors. Chapter 24 of Ezekiel is the "chap- ter of the Good Shepherd." Compare John, ch. 10. The prophet denounces the evil rulers of Israel as false shep- herds. They leave been utterly selfish, caring only for their own enrichment and the satisfaction of their own de- sires. "Woe be to the shepherds of Israel that do fend themselves! should not the shepherds feed the sheep?" Ezekiel believes that rulers should care first and before all else for the well-being of the people, and especial- ly for the weak,; the erring, and the needy. He declares, that Israel's princes have not done this. They have fattened themselves, but they have not fed the sheep, .and .they have no care for the sick, and' the weak, and the injured, 'and those which have been driven away or lost. The calamities which have cone upon the people he charges to the folly and selfish greed of the rulers, vs. 11-16. 13ehild 1. The promise of God is that he himself will replace the false shepherds and will care for his flocic. His especial care will be for the lost and the wandering. They are to him objects not of wrath, but of compas- sion. He will "seek them out and will deliver them. The promise is espe- cially for the'seattered exiles and wanderers of Israel, whom God will bring again to their own land. The picture which is p;resented here is one of delightful security and peace, "in a Flood fold, and in u fat pasture," and under the over -shadowing, ever- watchful care of then• divine shep- herd. Vs. 25, 26. There is a prediction in vs.23 and 24 of the coming Messianic king, foretold by -Isaiah and Micah and again by Jeremiah. He will be, so to speak, an under -shepherd, car- ing for the flock of God, who will make with them a "covenant of peace," ensuring peace and prosperity for the days to come. All "eeil-beaste," that is, probably, foreign invaders and oppressors, will be driven out of the land, and even in wood and wild- erness there will be no fear of harm. this age of material good which will be extended to all, Perhaps when .then have learned to live together as brothers it will cone, Our lesson will suggest that much may be done by our rulers towards this end, that gov- ernment is for the peeple — for all the people—and that the chief care of government must always be for those who need. Not wealth for the few, but welfare for all, must be the aim. The ideal of the good shepherd is the ideal of the right-minded ruler. APPLICATION. The colony of Jews was planted in Babylon, and perhaps it was only then that they bethought themselves of the strange import of their prophet's message. But Jeremiah was not amongst the captives, He stayed with the "dregs" of the nation. He went with the "dregs" into Egypt, an exile, too, from Palestine. A younger- man heard the voice of the Lord 01. the land of captivity. He knew Jeremiah well, and his blood had often bounded faster throughhis veins, at the sound of the master's heroic voice. It was the task of this younger prophet— Ezekiel—to carry on his older broth- er's work, and to sustain the sinking. hearts of his fellow -exiles in Baby- lon. Let us set down in order the different messages that Ezekiel de- livered. 1. He supplemented Jeremiah's.pre diction that Jerusalem would fall. The first half of Ezekiel's book is concern- ed chiefly with the impending down- fall of Jerusalem. 2, But Ezekiel was mainly a watch- man, or pastor of souls in the land of exile. His duty it was to prepers the people for their new role in human history. He never halted in his be- lief that somehow'the nation would be reconstituted on the soil of Palestine. There God would give it a second chance. 3. Consequently Ezekiel's message was one of hope and restoration. 4. A very important part of Eze- kiel's ppreaching was his doctrine of individual responsibility. Had men not preached to the individual before? Jeremiah saw plainly that religion was more an affair of the individual than of the state, but it was reserved for Ezekiel to put this truth in the sharpest possible way. What is the place of Ezekiel in the succession of Hebrew prophets? Opin- ions differ on details, but, all agree that Ezekiel, must be placed high on the roll of honor. But for him, the religion of Israel would have dwindled and died in Babylon. On all sides were the evidences of the all-powerful paganism. That religion was -a gor- ji geous and successful affair. But i Ezekiel taught his people that the Lord was mightier than the idols of e Babylon, stronger and more moral than the gods of the cruel empire, that for the time being had every- thing on its side. Ezekiel's great merit was that he answered perfectly t to the need of the hour in which ee 1 lived, He bore his people on his heart. TAKING THE MR Thorn is no room for difference of opinion as to the fact that the be t and most necessary of all agencies for health le the free and unlimited Pee of God's fresh air, Theoretically, we alt agree as to this, but in actual practice there is evidently wide differ- ence of opinion. We will find the person who has a renviction that it Is very dangerous to breathe "night air," The fact that there is no other hind available be- tween dusk and dawn should dispose of these crates.But a much larger class is composed of those who are afraid of chill or raw air, and who are, therefore, inclined to keep all bedroom windows closed- in any but the mildest weather. They tire 111015- ing a mistake, A person who is snug In a warm bed may safely breathe the rawest air that blows, providing that he inhales it through the nose, as intended by nature. Those who think of the nose only as a detective agent for protec- tion against bad smells may be sur- prised to know that one of its most important functions is that of warm- ing 'up the air so that it is of suitable temperature fors -the lungs, There is 00 question that weak lungs aro often so because their own- er persistently leaves a large part of the margin of the lungs unused. The tissue is never inflated and so it de- teriorates. The capacity of the breathing apparatus is seriously dim- inished. It may not shorten life un- less an attack of pneumonia or other affection of the lungs is experienced, but it certainly reduces the feeling of well-being, vigor, pep, and purpose that a person: in normal health should enjoy. Many articles, and even books, have: been written urging that this he over- come by adopting daily habits of deep breathing, etc. Stand before your open window and take fifteen inhalations, filling: the lungs to their greatest ca- pacity, is common advice. But it is not well considered, The average per- son simply does not do that kind of thing. He may attempt it and keep it up for a few days, but not one in a hundred will persist for a year. The best plan is to engage every day hi some work or play that is strenuous, to snake you breathe deep- ly.—Dr. C. H.'Lerrigo. HOLDING THE LINE. All hail to he who holds the line -- the ine-the' man who steadfastly sticks to his task through critical periods 1 Thou- sands of farmers during these days of doubts and fears and discourage - meets are fighting with their backs to the wall, They are determined to see the thing through or go down in the attempt. They have faith that what as been will be again, and are hold ng the line with dogged tenacity knowing, no doubt, that when good ortune again smiles down upon the arm those who have kept fit will be the first to benefit.. It is not dollars alone that make hese men hang on, work hard and We on hopes. Rather' it is the desire to see the fulfillment of an ideal Much of the reward that comes to us on the farm, comes riot in dollars and cents and swelling bank accounts, but in rich, neat fields, in bounteous crops, in Iuscious fruits,in slick five stack, and beautiful 'homes. Perhaps it is this thought that has led to the realization that farming is not so much a business after all, as it is a mode of life. We do not bend our backs in painful and strenuous effort, work long hours, acid do our very best' when dollars only are .the reward. We do these thing because ambition spurs us on to accomplish the things the have' set out to do; to reach the goalthat is of our own making. It these m'in, who are not easily led aside from their chosen pateway, who do not sidetrack with every shift- ing of the wind, who drive stendiiy on towar3 the attainment of their ideals, whether the way be smooth or strewn with obstacles, that are to -day "hold- ing the line. It is they who form the great balance wheel of ,civilization, vho keep the world from going a ek- ard during . times like thes , who make this country safe and leave oom therein for comfort, 'song and ughter•. Again, All Hail to he who oldsthe line! Costly Cockerels. I walked into the store of a local produce buyer one day and found him candling eggs. "Do you make a separate grade for each of those four eases?" I inquired. "Five," he corrected: "don't forget the discard. That grade will not go to market, of course, but it costs the farmers of Canhda a grand total of .2500,000 a year in round numbers to produce it," "That's a lot of money," I finally contrived to remark. "Isn't there something farmers 'can do to relieve themselves of the burden?" "Sure there is," he snapped. "It is merely a matter of general agreement to 'swat the rooster.' And if every farmer in this community would put that advice into execution I could throw away that candling device and buy eggs blindfolded. "Why, do you know;" he continued, warming up, "that the average tem- perature of this section of the coun- try during July and August is suffl- cientty high to start the process of incubation in tt fertile egg? "I would not say that a fertile egg would hatch at a temperature much less than 100. degrees, but I do know, from my own experience, that incuba- tion often begins at. 70 degrees. The strength of the embryo, of course, de- termines just how long it will develop before it dies from lack of heat, but - it does not require many hours forit toreach a point - where ,it will be candied out of n shipment, ar, at least, take a low grade. Apd a weak em- bryo will five long enough to form a blood ring. "With 70 degrees as a starting point you curt irnagme what the Heys of July and August wnuld do to agger with the therttometer seldom register- ing ,below 75 degrees. I can assure you that coed -storage operators have very good, reasons for preferring•the spring -laid eggs even though they have to hold them much longer before placing them on the; racket." "Assuming that the weak embryo of an egg becomes chilled anddies within un hour or so after it is laid," I in- quirer, "does that make the oggs,marc Y nluabin:' "Not trach," he exclaimed, "It re. quires email/end:de; of it chill to kill • the embryo of an egg in the early stages of its development. "On the other hand, assuming as you said, that the embryo of the egg died within an hour after it was ex- posed to a temperature of less than 70 degrees; you still have to contend with the possibility of the dead em- bryo setting up a .process ,of decry. And that is what really happens in the production of a rotten egg. An infertile egg will deteriorate, of course; but its contents do not ofteh decay, they merely dry up," The Big Idea, orn Cultivation. tt is frequently a long time between a discovery of a principle and the put- ting of that principal to use. There is the case of the dust -mulch theory of cultivation. They used to tell us that weeds were a good thing because weeds spurred on the farmer to keep the cultivators going. But long and exhaustive trials have shown that with weeds otherwise eiimtheee:l cultivation dogs the crop no good. Out in Hawaii they are now using paper instead of the plow in pineapple and sugar -cane fields, Cheap paper is made from sugar -caro bagasse. Spread down the rotes, this paper. smothers out the weeds, and a .maxi- muni crop is produced with a mini- mum effort. Tho soil • is not au :Fee at all The big idea in euttivating any crop is to keep Clown the weeds; yet with. corn, one`of our cultivated crops, old- style implements, designed primarily to produce n dust mulch, arc still in use. Somebody may yet hit on a het. ted implement design for weed -killing purposes. Then will pass the old dust - mulcln theory, and attention will hr cent'r'ed on wcedc, where attention 111, - longs. Last year I discovered one fernier who herd stopped boldly in this dire`-' 110,1, lie led me ant to see a insgssifi-' cent field of earn. I "This field," be said, "I cultivated ivitii a stowing tnairhine. { "1 did not•need the whole diat.hinc' of course. Just took a wheel;. This: wheel dragged up•attd down rt row Sal about as good e weed killer as 1 bawl ever found foe certain f i bl I of laird:" t w la h n Trees at the Water's E1ge, Where it is desired, to get trees and shrubbery to take root at the edge of a stream or any body of water whose erosive action seems, tod:fy nll efforts to • cluck the wearing away"tif land, try this t Taltel old poultry netting and Veatch it up into bag -shaped r'eceptac',es.Vill these. with rocks of all o-•izes tip to u foot or so in diameter. Cat the .leets of the shrubbery or trees to be plant- edaboutIwo feet long and thrust. them, with, whatever rents and earth possible, 'ilowvn'among the rocks: Peace the wire bags, with the shoots in. place, along . the- watee's edge and crani them full of moistearth; The dirt and sediment that will drift through and aeourltcrlate in and Around the confined stones will more limn replace that washed away until the shoots send out enough roots to talc % it perm- anent hold among the stones and dirt. As the shrubbery grows it will foi•m, among the roar, a valuable aid in 1 k a %type:, ltosaving land that would nlereWlae'be. ntinuatiy wasitc'1 away.