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HomeMy WebLinkAboutThe Brussels Post, 1924-3-19, Page 7slow DANES BUILT ON BUSINESS' BASIS. In their 'forty years of experience in marketing, the Danes have evolved certain fundamental principles upon which each of.their associations must rest in order to be sueeessfuh (1) The Danish co-operative associations are strictly business organizations. They are organized, operate and func- tion purely along economic, lines and aro developed free from all political, state, religious, or social glass influ- ence. They have found that to build on n business basis is not only sound but highly essential, as it always pro- vides a common ground upon which the membership may meet, • In the whole field of agricultural co-operation in Denmark there is only one instance where a co-opera- tive association has received financial support or aid from the government, that being the co-operative breeding associations for cattle, horses and swine. These associajfoes are un- doubtedly looked upon as of high edu- cational value in furthering better live stock improvement. Theyy may be classified as improvement rather than business associations. (2) No co-operative association is organized in Denmark, whether it be local or national, until a sufficient amount of patronage is assured to enable the association to operate inan economical and efficient manner. In the co-operative bacon factory it was found in building the plants in pre- war years that such a plant could not operate efficiently unles it handled at least 25,000 to 30,000 pigs annually. Consequently, before an association ' built its plants, sufficient member- ship guaranteeing this necessary sup- ply of hogs was subscribed before the association was completed. The same principle is true of the co-operative creamery. In pre-war days no community would go ahead with a co-operative creamery unless it was sure that the total milk pro- duction from at least 600 or 600 cows in that community would be delivered to the creamery for a definite period ranging' from five to ten years. No effort, however, has been made among the Danish farmers to control the volume of production unless the vol - tune is necessary for efficient opera- tion. peration. Efficiency and economy in oper- ation, and not monopoly, is the goal, (3) The structure of the co-opera- tive organizations from the local to the central association rests upon an intelligent membership. The Danish co-operation organization is charac- terized by strong local organizations which possess an intelligent, well- informed producer membership, in- formed of the activities of both the local and central associations. While the Danes fully appreciate the value of sound central organization, they insist that a strong local development is essential to efficient co-operative business operations. It is of further significance to find,that the large Danish co - operative associations -• which have now been operating suc- cessfully for twenty-five to thirty- five years, have in each case, started from a comparatively small begin- ning and as its management 'and membership gained wider experience, it enlarged its business activities along sound lines. (4) In all Danish co-operative asso- ciations one man has one vote, The vote of the small farmer with two or three cows counts as much as the vote of the larger farmer with 200 or 300 CMOs. (6) The affairs of the local associa- tions, as well as of the central asso- ciations, are managed through a democratic producers' membership control. In the local associations, a board of directors is elected by the members. This board appoints a tech- nically trained, qualified manager to lead the.Aigtual business operations of the assodiiition. In the central asso- ciations repreesntatives are appointed by the members of each local assoeia- tion, which in turn appoints a board of directors for the central association. (6) Sound, capable business man- agement is recognized as one of the most essential factors for the success of any co-operative association in Den- mark. The members have come to recognize more and more the value of employing highly trained technical and efficient business men, familiar with the trade, to handle the business of their association. It is appreciated that only the right'telary can attract the right type of manager. (7) The Danes have found it sound business to organize their co-operative marketing and selling organizations along commodity lines, The trend of agricultural co-operation in Denmark has been toward specialization. Both in the selling of ageicultural products and in the buying of farm supplies, special associations for special pur- poses are formed. As a result of organizing along commodity lines it is not uncommon in Denmark to -day to find a farmer an forty or fifty -acre tact who is a member of twelve or teen co -o erotive associations. His milk is delivered to tho co-oerative dp creamery, his pigsto the co-operative bacon factory, his eggs to the co- operative egg marketing association; he will be a member of a co-operative Spring'1?ever anilPoultry. By S•" eeeleffipo-,' As airing comes upon us every year there are numerous enqulrles made by people who have kept a few bene and woadet it they should ge lutea the poultry business oe a large eeale. This ar&lele is especially lutouded for sueb inquirers. dust a few days ago a friend told Me that the 16 pullets be got fast "" "" ' August had laid 1 012 eggs during November, December and January, and at same rate of laying, allowing three menthe for rest and, melt they would average 202,4 eggs, each la the; twelve menthe, "Don't you think I sbeled give up my job end ,go .into poultry?" leo said; to which I replied, "No," 1 -Io has suitable vacant land, a little money and Is interested In the game. What more is needed? That which is -needed 1n every walk of life— buying assoclat on .through which he purchases his feeding stuffs, such as corn and oil cakes, and of another through which he is supplied with commercial fertilizers, and so on, The value of organizing along com- modity lines is, the assurance that the members within a particular assoeia-1 tion handling a single commodity Jiave identical interests, and that each cont- riodity, whether in selling or buying, requires speeial treatment and hand- ling, which necessitates the, employe' ment of skilled men who possess ex- pert Inowledge of that one commodity, In organizing along commodity lines, the Danish co-operative move- Inept is cearacterized by a strong local development, the local associa- tion being usually formed in a local community for one purpose, which with similar associations formed for similar purposes in other communities will federate to form the central asso- tion. In practically all cases the mem- bership of the central association con- sists of local associations which in turn are made 'up of individual mem- bers rather than the individual mem- bers being tied to the central associa- tiorrdirectly, (8) That an association may be as- sured of a proper volume of business, contract agrements ale made between the association and its members for the delivery of their total production for a definite period. The same prin- ciple applies to the purchasing asso- ciations. These contract agreements exist between both the central asso- ciation and the local association and between the local association and the individual members. The period cov- ered by contract agreements varies with the nature of the commodity handled and in many cases varies with different associations, the time rang- ing from one to twenty years. (9) Pooling is a common practice. The members' products are shipped to the association where they are classi- fied according to grade and quality, which serves as a basis on which each individual member is paid. A partial payment usually representing between eighty-five and ninety-five per cent. of the actual price which the product will return to the pros icer is made when products are delivered to the produc- er. In many cases this partial pay- ment is a price which is approximate- ly near the market value of the par- ticular product, To determine what the partial payment shall be, a "Quo- tation" service has been established, to quote prices as determined by mar- ket conditions and representing a price near the actual market value. At the close of the year the difference between the price paid theproducer on delivery of the product, and the sales price, is turned over to, the pro- ducer (10) Denmark has no special co- operative legislation, as the Danes have found by experience that real co-operation is not promoted by pro- tectionist methods of government favoritism. They prefer to be treated as any business agency, relying upon their own powers in the business world. The validity of contracts existing between co-operative associations and their members is recognized by the courts. Practically all co-operative creamery and bacon factories and egg, butter and bacon selling associations are non -stock, unincorporated associa- tions. There area few share -stock associations incorporated under the Danish corporation laws. An interesting andrather unique aspect of the Danish co-operative as- sociations is that in the constitution and by-laws of practically all the co- operative associations provision is made that all disputes and disagree- ments arising between members and the associations are to be settled by a board of arbitration, and in most cases the association's constitution and by-laws specifically State that such disputes and' disagreements can not be carried into the courts. The members of this board of arbitration are elected from among the members by the associations. The system has worked out satisfactorily, as the men on the arbitration boards have a sym- pathetic understanding of the farm- ers' problems. (•11) The necessary capital for equipment and operation is provided by a loan executed by the association and guaranteed joiittly. by the mem- bers of the association on their' per- sonal credit. In the local association the members are usually jointly and severally liable for all financial obli- gations incurred by the association, However, when a local association joins a central association tho amount of this guaranty is always limited, the individual members in the local association signing guarantee pledge certificates stating the specific am - aunt for which their association is 11 - able. These certificates aro forward. cd by the local association to the Central association, which in turn deliver them to the bank to secure loans or credit, This method is typi- cally Danish and adapted to 'their credit system.—Chris L. Christensen, The only difference between farm- ers and city folks is that the city folks' feet have the callouses on top. experience. Hatcliing a few chicks under a hen 1n the cellar or in a wooden box Is a vastly different thing than ,hatching a couple of thousand eggs in an Incubator. The hen looks after Ura heat, turning and cooling of the eggs, shelters her chicks from the storms, protects them from danger. Taking the leen off for a feed at night, putting her back on her eggs again, supplying the chicks with hard boiled eggs and other feed, then seeing they are closed up for the night 18 vastly different to caving for incubators and brooders. Incubating and 'brooding one to two thousand, yes, even live hundred'ehicks in chilly days of March and April is quite a different proposi- tion to leaving it to the old hen in the warm days of June.'You may think the difference is so slight that it does not prove a.difllculty. I1 so, just try. But take my advice and don't. Without the required experience you are apt to meet with sad disaster. You may have your brooder temperature just fine at night. The next morning, your fire In brooder may be almost out. Experience will teach one that machines are not perfect and weather cannot be depended upon. It is pos- your eggs in incubator fertile, and even after the second test the greater majority pro- mise to produce live chicks, Then at the critical moment a - little neglect in attending your, fire or lamp may mean every chick chilled or cooked. There are dozens, of other things which go to making success or failure, even after your -chicks are out. Feed- ing the wrong sort of feed, dampness or drafts will also play •havoc in the sturdiest flock of chicks. Considering all, it would be wise to continue in a small .way for two or three years. Get an' incubator and brooder, try them on the little space you have. Then, if you are successful and still interested, take the "plunge." Artificial incubating and brooding Is the only thing possible on a commer- cial plant. Clucking hens cannot al- ways be secured when they are re- quired, and, in fact, the cost of keep- ing a hundred or more hens for such a Purpose is entirely prohibitive. There- fore it ie absolutely neoessa.ry tohave years. a:.thorough prawticai knowledge 400g. . beffle it es. .• Effect of Unfintehed Stock on the Market, In Its review of the live steels mare ket In the first month of the year the market division of the Dominion Live Steele branch says: Aa the month progressed most of the markets showed a large inerease in the percentage of unfinished eattlo --a condition which invariably de- presses the market, there being prac- tically no oulet for such stock in mid- winter except for slaughter. Of the total of 10,719 cattle export- ed, 3,887 went to Britain, compared with 2,166 in January, 1923. The fair tone to the market and the compar- ativelygood export movement was re- flected in the prices for geed quality cattle., Hogs showed an increase in receipt anda decline of tbout two cents per pound in value. Receipts of sheep were higher than in January, 1923, but the prevalence of common stock, especially at Mont- real, as the month progressed, de- pressed the market. Dry mash hoppers often clog if the feed packs in the corners and the throat is n&t large enough to enable the hens to work it down into the trough by constant peeking. This con- dition canbe avoided in home-made wooden hoppers by cutting a piece of galvanized iron the width of the in- side of the hopper. Curve the iron I around the base of the hopper and tack it down. The mash strikes the smooth curved surface and slides to- iward the front more readily. Large open mash hopper troughs 1 may result in the hens scratching out the mash and wasting it in the litter. (Insert stiff -wires every four inches, .Run them from the front of the hop- ' per ' to the base of the throat. This 1 keeps the hens from digging out the mash with their feet or bills, The commercialized dry mash hop- pers made of galvanized iron aro practical for farmers who are" busy and lack scrap lumber. The metal hoppers will last a lifetime and are built so the mash falls down as used and cannot be wasted by the hens. At a price of three - to four cents per pound the hens will soon waste enough feedto paythe difference •between a cheap scrap hopper and one that is properly made. In hoppers that clog it is necessary to poke down the mash with a stick every day or the birds are soon without the materials needed for egg production. Wheat prices are low because the world wheat acreage for 1923 was the largest on record and the yield for all countries was better than ten per cent. above the average of the previous five SEMI -CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF '. A good tea:4 and extra good is the ORANGE PEKOE QUALITY ITY The Sunday School Lesson MARC H 23 The Reign of Solomon, 1 Kings chs. 3 to 11; 2 Chron. ch, 1. Golden Text—The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge. -1 i ov..1: 7. CoNru euArioN 05 elle srowr-Tbe enter into the kingdom of God?" All latter part of David's reign was mark Solomon's wisdom' and wealth failed ed by very great troubles. Sonia of to make his life a blessing. The the worst of these were direct cense-.temple, the palaces, the beautiful eity, quences of his own sins. The curse with water works and forts and com- of a polygamous household was his coerce, the scientific • literature, the full measure, 'gorgeous ritual of great feasts, were "Then sat Solomon upon the throne magnificent achievements.' But while of David his father; and his kingdom wealth accumulated, men decayed, was established greatly." A great The poor were impoverished. The rich change had taken place in Israel since became notorious. the times of Samuel and Saul. Saul,! •The fear o4' the Lord is not only though chosen by a national assembly, the beginning of wisdom. it is its life. had to win and make his kingdom, and "Solomon went not fully after the with insuffieient forces to wage long Lord." Self-indulgence completed the war against the Philistine invaders.' wrecking of noble aspirations. A David had the advantage of a military golden opportunity to change race des - training, of the help of many tried tiny and human history is dissipated and able friends, and of an army re- in selfish frivolities. The unhappy cruited first from the soldiers of Saul, Idng never knew of the volcano that and later from the subjugated Philis- smouldered beneath the gilded glory tines, but he had to fight many battles of his kingdom. Yet his failure was before he was able to bring peace to the initial cause of early disruption. i his people and establish them in a. And his personal dissatisfaction be - position of power over their trouble- cornes very bitter. "As it happened some and warlike neighbors, Solomon • to the fool, so it happened even unto came to a kingdom firmly established, me, therefore I hated life, for all is rich and powerful, whose territories vexation of spirit." He had abundant extended four or five hundred miles, cause for regret. He had talked wis- from the river Euphrates in the north dom but practiced folly. He had to the border of Egypt in the south. Preached righteousness, but set an evil And in his reign "Judah and Israel example, dwelt safely, every man under his; This study lends itself to the dia- 1 vine, and under his fig -tree, from Dan, suasion of a very vital issue. Educe- even to Beersheba." tion, and even religious education, has Solomon's great work was the build- shown marked tendency in recent ing of the temple of Jerusalem which years, to seek to develop the natural became the national sanctuary, taking good in man, and trust to education precedence both in the splendor and and environment for redemption, We in the purity of its worship, over the do not place any premium on ignor- old, high places where Jehovah had ance when we insist that training been worshipped since the time of alone can never generate spiritual life. Moses, He built also palaces and fortified places, maintained an army and an expensive court and a great hu h1Pereereare .E ., o se o d nd lived uxur' u l a 1•io s To carry on his great building enter- prises � and to meet the heavy expenses We find our spare time this winter of his kingdom, he levied taxes upon employed in breaking a span of colts. the people, and forced labor in the I like to drive good horses and for (forests of Lebanon, and the stone that reason I like to break the horses quarries, and the bearing of burdens, I am going to drive. to their great discontent. His weak-, I know of no other domestic animal nese as o northr resulted d inthe lar. , I Like better to handle than a well - of territory north and south; Isis filar- ' riage of foreign wives and his toter- broken, intelligent horse. Every man ance of their religious worship, and 1 who likes good horse and enjoys the burdens imposed upon the people,/training them has his way of breaking brought upon him the rebuke of a ' them. I like to teach colts to lead prophet, and incipient rebellion, and : when they are quite young. That can prepared the way for a succession of ' be done much easier than -when they the northern and eastern tribes after get older. The colts I am breaking his death, this winter were taught to lead when Nt 2 - o es. Chron. 1.7 12, Give ewe now a few months old, but on account of THE ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL C®I i AGE wisdom. Solomon's prayer for lier wisdom being busy I have neglected to teach F to rule his people was granted, and if them other things they should know, June 9-13, 1924 On Wray the fourth,1924, the On -I Evening—C.S.T.A. Addresses by tarso Agricultural College will reach prominent agriculturists. the half century mark in a most use- ful' and distinguished existence. A Semi -Centennial Celebration is due and it is proposed . to celebrate the anniversary fittingly during the second week of June. A committee, representing the On- tario Department, of Agriculture, the: College Alumni, The Canadian Society of Technical Agriculturists, and the College faculty, is at work on the de- tails of the' celebration. The co- operation of every graduate of the College, every farmer in the province, and every friend of the Agricultural College is sought in making the week a memorable one. Working committees under. the fol- lowing designations: Pageantry and Exhibits, Publicity, Reception, Recrea- tion, Farmers' Day, Memorial, Alumni, and Finance, are tit work getting under way that.part of the program which particularly concerns them. The Canadian Society of Technical Agriculturists, the Canadian Seed Growers' Association, the Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Un- ion, will hold their annual meetings and occupy a portion of the'weokly program, The O.A.C. Alumni and the Macdonald Institute Alumnae will also assemble in force at this time, to discuss%matters of general interest to their organizations and the welfare of Agriculture and Home Economics at large. OUTLINE o' i?ROPossD ACTIVITIRS, Monday, ,Tune 9th—Afternoon: Registration ofdelegatesand alumni of the O.A.C. Assignment of rooms in College dormitories, Evening: For- mal opening. Addresses by President Reynolds, lion. John Martin, Minister of Agriculture, and 'former 'presidents Dr. Creelman and Dr. Mills. Tuesday, Juno 10th, Alumni and Memorial . Day: Morning—Business meetings of the C.S.T.A. and the CS, GA. Afternoon—Alumni reunions. Ceremony of the formal opening, of Memorial Ball, 3.80 p,m, Alumni garden party, 4.00 p,m, Even]ng— Pi•ogrant by Alumni of the College and elaedcnald Instituto: Wednesday, June llth, Day: Morning. --Business meetings of the C.S.T.A, and C.S.G.A. After- noon—Athletics and social netivities. lideals and his earlier faith,Jthe +last These colts are four years old, of 1 years of his reign and the years which , the same age and weight, but quite followed might have been very dif-; different in disposition. Because of l ferent. Israel might have been more their different dispositions, I find it Thursday, June 12th, Farmers' strongly welded together as a united ; necessary to _handle them differently. Day: Morning—Business meetings of nation, instead of being weakened by I In breaking colts I endeavor to C S T A, and C.S.G,A. and Expert- division and strife. But Solomon's ,teach them 'one thing ata time I mental Union. Afternoon :Pageant earlier years were singularly happy ; take time to teach that one thingwell. and parade of College department and. prosperous, Here he prays for) I believe in bean patient, floats and live.stock.Inspection of the fulfillment of God's promise' g but firm. I P through Nathan the prophet, to his do not expect too much, Kindness College exhibits, buildings, stock, father David, 2 Sam., ch. 7. He re- and good judgment are essential re - plots, fields and laboratories. Sports gards the judging of the people as a quisites,—L. R. program. Evening—C,S.T.A. Ad- great task, for the performance of dresses by prominent agriculturists,' which he needs, and must have, divine i It is said that competition is the life Varity program. help. Riches, and wealth, and kenos, of trade. We thoroughly believe that With the greater gift, of wisdom,' Friday, June 13th, Farmers Day: God's promise to him is that the lesser compensation would inject much vigor Afternoon—Pageant and parade of gifts will go. This proved true in the in agriculture. College department floats and live experience of Solomon, but it does not'o stock. Inspection of College exhibits,' always prove true. It cannot be re -1 Butter scoring ninety-two per cent, buildings, stock, pinta, fields and lab- garded as a law of life. For he who brings from seven to nine cents more oratories. Sports program, Evening -1 chooses wisdom must often relinquish ' u pound than butter scoring eighty - Variety program. Iwealth. and honor. Nevertheless, wls-' nine per cent. Why not make better Each department of the College willI dom itself is great 'wealth, and its pos-'. butter? session great and enduring happiness. have on display during the Celebra-' See especially Prov. ch. 3, and com- g„ tion an exhibit illustrating its par-' pare 1 Kings, 8: 5-14. ®® ale ticular work and resulting infiueneef' 1 Kings 11:6-11. Did evil. It was a en county 1, noted for ee blah-oontay a,d on the agricultural practice of the great fall indeed from 'so eat a red seed epee arnmp1°" ant.. h Ioentei 'elle g P gr' rue ccnt0� oI mi. district. It h rar well province. Moving picture films are being pre-, ee the Lord, and the turning away ee orbs I�idirec %`D ;`'D; ° °an• to any ,1:. Iota pared:' to illustrate the development of his heart from the Lord. Pride, self- I PERI. REED Home the College and Experimental Farms indulgence, the love of luxury andI Brampton, - • ontnrfa and its relationship to the agriculture pleasure, the building of a great of Ontario. f harem of wives and concubines, were eight of wisdom and as an t genuine good- or Grimm, Variegated ,d epn•iml eua:ray, acd nese to the doing of evil in the sight . 0loron. Maks, sweat Motors. Timothy, otc., white A souvenir historical bulletin 1s be- the corrupting and destroying influ• - ing prepared for distribution to grad- mess which came into ole life 'His heart was not perfect with the Lord mates and others particularly inter- his God," (v. 'l), and he '"1 rrif not ested in the College. It is expected chis) after the Lofd," The building that this bulletin will be sent out by of a sanctuary for the uneleen ever - May lst, to the addresses of the ship of Chemosh and of Moleeh, to Alumni that are known to the com- Please 801110 prinrres of Moah or Ain mittee, All ex -students who have nton, trust have be ecrsrially shock- been out of touch with the College or ing tothe g prophets, ! eur1eetncn ndcftt��eninattponl� its organizations for a number of The ritingstutd promises of 13:11-13 years are requested to send in their Me wa9:8-9 •were tihnost rertafnly ut Y buynm llthonrc. lal,foraco,n lotohomo elrcer from til ,honu- foetorer ft hie ■a.- Ingsonthell,mba ,m111 - post office address to the General tend by prophets, as also it •11.18 4;1•i'a rwn'Idith,ei0a,,t otlmr 1 l lee's meivi !efee Secretary, L. Stevenson,. Dept, of Ex-' Compare the menage of the pz•ophet „ir. t6nmla oieavt.. �araae tension, O.A,C., Guelph. Tho following constitute the Gen- eral Committee: Representing the' Dept. of Agri - liberties of lifeco 1u; and for the sole culture—Messrs, W. B. Roadhouse, R, worship of Jehovah,"Israel's God, W. Wado, and 3. A. Carroll, Beth in his imposition of heavy taxes Representing no 0,A,C.. President and forced labor, and in his introduc- Reynolds, ,Professors W. R. Graham tion of the warship of the gods of and G. II. Unwin, other nations, Solomonincurred their Representing the C,S,T.A.—Prof, dieplensuro, and they declared against A, Leitch, Mosses, le, Palmer and R. him tits wrath of God, end flue rend - S. Duncan. ing of the kingdom. Ahijah to Jeroboam, 11:29-89, `crit"rrinni;tiiiica;io The prophets at this tinge, still fol- Iowing the great cxauinle of Samuel, and'of Nathan, stood for the ancient Representing tete Alumni -Dr, G, C, APX'uttATION- Rich mens eons helve serious hrrndi- Creolman, Messrs. 8, E, Todd and J, eaps:. "Born: to the purple,""Solomon B. Fairhairn, know emelt of luxury and 'wealth, but Chairman: J, B. Reynolds, General Socretaryi L, Stovonson, little of hardship and work. "flow • hardly shall they that have riches 1rmc1, 0otoninl. wlih full er8• 0 a 01,8 ,coati 80001, I4 n 5i°jIv1 a ru0m.ld,5o din• m0 ryota ,Itchen, come Ina - s oma hath hien and t9leh,• .i'otetn,.amde aruar tntnlnm. Price includes ell lumber cut to 1111 highest grade interior Woodwork siding. flooring, win. -dowel, doors, sloes paints, hardware. Halls, rootlets, with coshplets instraetions .end draw inns, Frtiaht enid to root stotlun. Po'mtanonl Home11-150T PORTABI,0, Mane *trios to choose tram. Write today 5e- -raze Monist.. an.ing Aladdin Coining lvo. A:aS l'he Canadian Aladdin Co., Lindt d Mnddtn Building, l'oronto, Ont.: ISeUE No. i1—'24. '8 STABILIZING LAND VALUES To the average person much of the joy of living is lost by reason of uric certainties. Fluctuations in valued are one of these. Real estate prices are not excepted from the list. Wide fluctuations, both generally and local- ly, have been no small factor in the recant upsetting of agriculture. In certain cities an Unique plan is now being etried, Nen qualified and interested in real estate from its various angles are called upon to ap- praise the value of certain pareels of real estate in each of the important sections of a city. These appraisals are then published for the benefit of all: Would it not be helpful to agricul- ture to have similar •appraisals made of typical farms in various parts of a county? Owners, buyers, sellers, ten- ants, landlords, and those striving to learn what it costs to grow potatoes or any other crop would have a very definite interest. Would not such an appraisal also aid in stabilizing land values and, by avoiding the wide fluctuations of prices in transfers through such a standard, discourage frenzied land speculation? SON SHOWS DAD. In these days of boys' and girls' club work, we frequently find ex- amples of how a junior member of the family wins out in farming con- i tests with father through the use of methods adapted to modern conditions, rather than following those practices useful in pioneer farming. Here is an illustration taken from fife: John Shutt and his son grew po- tatoes last year on adjoining land. The father used the same type of seed he had always planted. He applied seventeen loads of manure and no fertilizer. The son used certified seed which was green and sprouted, the same number of loads of manure his father had put on, and 476 pounds of'a 4-8-6 fertilizer to the acre. The results were astonishing, par- ticularly to the father. He secured from his field an average of seventy- five bushels per acre at a cost of $1.13 per bushel. The plot planted by the son yielded 227.6 bushels per acre at a cost of thirty-six cents per bushel. This shows how it is possible for one man to lose and another to make a profit under identical soil and wea- ther conditions. Te keep on the win- ning side of the farming game it often becomes necessary to figure on low costs per bushel or pound, rather than on low acreage costs. Dairy, Profits Depend on Yield Per Cow. To withhold liberal grain rations from milking cows is poor economy, even though feed has to be purchased. According to experiments conducted at the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa, the higher the yield of milk the less does it costper hundredweight of milk and per pound of butter fat. In the Central Farm herd, it was shown that with annual yields of 8,000 ,to 5,000 pounds milk per cow, the cost for feed was $1.57 par cwt. of milk produced, and for fat, 87.08 cents per pound. With cows record• ing from 7,000 to 9,000 pounds milk, the cost was reduced to $1.12 per cwt, for milk and 27.9 cents per pound for butter fat. With 13,000 to 15,000 pound records, here was a further re - deletion of cost to 92 cents per cwt. for milk and 26.74 cents for fat. When it came to the highest produc- ers, giving 19,000 pounds and over, the milk cost amounted to only 68 cents per cwt, and 18.44 cents per pound of butter fat. Throughout the three lactation per- iods covered by the experiment, the cows were fed according to a system that has been proved profitable by re- peated tests. That is to say, the ustial roughage of clover hay and silage was fed in the winter and pasture with soiling crops or silage in the summer, supplemented by grain feed according to the amount of milk being given. In the case of freshly calved cows, one pound of grain mixture is given for every 834 pounds of milk yield. This rate of feeding is gradually decreased until the mixture is being fed at the rate of one pound for every 435 pounds of milk produced, and is cone tinued until the end of the lactation period. It will therefore be seen that the greatest profit is derived from high yielding cows fed to the reason- able maximum of their production. To Kill Mutton Odor. The cause of mutton :sometimes having a peculiar odor is the rapid` accumulation of gas in the stomach when the animal is not dressed quick- ly. As soot as a sheep is killed for - mentation begins in the digestive tract. This gives rise to gases which are rapidly absorbed by the meat, Which is of very loose fibre and easily absorbs odors. > This may be overcome by dressing the animal rapidly or by opening the pelt and diaphragm and pouring cold water around the diges- tive tract.. The wool sine of the pelt and unclean hands should not touch the meat, but they are not the cause of mutton having an odor, A. fool and his money are goon spot- ted. • .e