The Brussels Post, 1919-4-17, Page 2SIGNIFICANCE CE UE
CHILD DREAMS
PAIRIEB, NOT GHOSTS, SUBJECT
OF NIGHT VISIONS
as
Fear of Hun Raids and Glory of Vic.
tory Disturb the Sleep of Eng-
lish Children, says Educationist.
Dr. C. W. Kimmins, chief inspector
to the London Education Committee,
addressed the members of the Child
Study Society recently on "The Sii-
Wfieance of Children's Dreams." bas-
ing his remarks upon investigations
which have recently been carried out
among London school children.
Children from five years of age up-
ward were asked to "write a true and
full account of the last dream you can
remember; state your age, ani also
say about how long ago you had the
dream you have described." As a
result, Doctor Kimmins received re-
cords of about 5,000 dreams. In the
infants' schools, apart from a few
written records by clever children in.
the standard, the dreams were told;
,individually to the head mistress,'
There were many difficulties which
had to he borne in mind when esti-,
mating the value of the resulte. It
was found that young children had
great difficulty in separating the
dream from the waking element.,
Their powers of description were.
naturally very limited- and their use
of words might convey to the adult
mind a very different impression from'
that which they wished to convey,
The child would inevitably fill up the'
gaps in the dream and would rejn_t
as absurd some items in the dr'ann
which were contras* to his own ex-
perience. Anything in the nature of i
a full analysis of a young •'hiid's
dream would, therefore, be valueless.'
All they could .10 ;.vee to classify
each broadly, as a fulfilled wish, a
fear, an air rail, a fairy steey, al
purely domestic dream, and so on.
Classification
of Dreams.
ms.
Dealing with the dreams of chil-`
dren of five, six and Leven yearn nf;
age, he found that dreams of Christ- i
mas and Santa Claus figure!- very
largely, especially with the five-year-
old children. With the very ynang
child the "fear" dream is very prom-
inent. No less than 25 per cent. were,
of this nature, consisting chiefly of ,
the dread of objectionable men, large
ly of German nationality. At seven
years of age children, both boys and,
girls, dream more about burglars
than at any other age. Curiously;
enough, th., fear dreams of animals'
are far more common among the
boys than the girls. School activities;
appear very little in the dreams of
children at any age, while the fact,
that the essays were written seven;
months after the last raid probably;
accounts for the circumstance that
air-raid dreams occurred only to the:
extent of about 4 per cent. In the'
girls' dreams the influence of the
moving picture snows is felt very.
little, but in those of the boys, especi-;
ally at the age of seven, it is an im-
portant factor. Fairy story dreams
are very common with girls, but are
rarely experienced with boys, ami the
same thing applies to dreams of nor-
mal domestic occurrences.
One important fact which emerges
is that the ghost has been superseded
by the fairy, The old terror of the
dreaming child has disappeared.
There was only one reference to a
ghost in all the infant school dreams.]
The fairy dream is generally one of
pure enjoyment, apart from the cont-!
paratively rare ,intrusion of the'
witch. At five years of age the child
is the center of a dream and is rarely
a passive observer. For instance: "I
dreamt that a tiger came to our'
house and ate mummy and daddy and,
my brother and me, and then I woke
up and cried and said, 'It isn't true.'"
Or the dream of a girl of five, after
the King and Queen had visited
Peckham, "A lady was sitting on my
bed and the King and Queen were
under the bed eating bread and but-
ter and a lot of ladies with them." Or
the tragedy of the child who dreamt,
"Some one came and took out a white
baby and left a black one." By the e
age of seven there is a great advance.
The family relationship is then fully
realized and the child is not so much
the central figure. There is less con- 1
fusion between the dream and the
waking experience.
Poor Children Dream of Toys.
Children ,in poor districts dream 11
far more about toys than those 1
the well-to-do district., while ther
appears to be no connection of dream
it veloped Into Geniuses Later In Life.
dream quite ns much as bright chit-
,rn Dr Kimmins found that tit
11 ILLUSTRIOUS BOOi:IES•
• "Domes" When At School Have De -
ing with, intelligence. Dull childre
dreams of young children are vial
and very real; as, for instance, tha
of the hoy of six who, dreaming the
some one had given him a three
peaty piece, searched the bel for i
on -waking. The death element i 'lac
into the dreams of delivate, neo oti
children, but rarely into tho/e o
healthy, normal children, Dreams o
One of the 1 n tfeet melt itz Iinglaud
cl to•d, i 11,:r11 Who has borne mz+pr. to
t able hnider, elle in war awl pe,ue--
t wase, w'b•' 1 ut :+, h,'„). tt p'':'frl. ,hooter,
14114 ,• a ,li ,l writer, Olt 011”
waffle of the fedi at. George WM.:cies
bravery and adventure, whit'h ar
Coalmen in the sewer school, rarel
'rime into the dreams of these in th
infants' school. There wns an excep
tion, however, in the case of a bo
of seven who dreamt, "1., was a Can
adian soldier and I had an army o
soldiers and we went into German
and we captured the Kaiser and Lit
tle Willy."
Young children sometimes imagin
that they take other forms, like th
nervous boy of five, a baker's son
who dreamt that "I was a loaf o
brand 51111 a German cut it :oto little
bits and saw me." The boy, how-
ever, scored, for, he adds, "I flew
away; I had wings on me," On an
other occasion the same boy dream
"I was a kettle and I drank up al
the water. Mother could not find me
I went under the gas pipes." Dr
Kimmins is convinced that in the in
fants' schools the careful study o
dreams may yield very valuable in
formation as to the actual norma
temperament 'of the child, while i
the case of children of the neuroti
type it may give important clues t
the basis of the mental instability
Young children delight in tellin
their dreams, and a monthly recorc
of the dreams throughout the year
in selected eases by judicious hear
mistresses might prove to be a ver
useful piece of research,
THE WORK OF PLANTS.
Plant Life is the Original Source of
Supply of Human Needs.
In a recent article Prof. John M.
e importance
of
the hu o
Coulter emphasizes
Cnul
r h unity. The green
e ) humanity. Plant life t hu g
P
plants of our gardens stand for the
most fundamental of all work of the
earth: they alone can make food from
that which is not food—from earth and
aid. Our most essential needs—food,
fuel and clothing --all depend directly
or indirectly upon plants. Sonne plants
provide us directly with the essentials,
others provide food for animals, which
the animals in turn convert into ani-
mal food for us. Coal is merely alter-
ed plant life. Even the chief oils of
commerce --the coal tars, kerosene and
gasoline—are the result of a preexist-
ing plant life. Thus the plant is the
basis—the original source of supply—
of all our primal needs. To most per-
sons foliage is simply a thing of
beauty in a park or a landscape, but
it is also a laboratory for the manufac-
ture of the food upon which the world
depends. In that laboratory inorganic
materials are built into organic sub-
stances: upon those organic substan-
ces the green plants themselves live
and, besides living, provide food for
animals. Green plants can manufac-
ture food wherever they can get air,
water and light. The roots absorb
water and soluble materials from the
soil; the leaves take in carbon gas
from the air; and small green bodies
in the leaf tissue called chloroplasts,
by means of sunlight, break up those
raw materials into their elements and
put them together again in new com-
binations. It is interesting to notice
that mos t of the raw materials that the
plant uses are really waste from other
plants and from animals. Thus there
is a constant working over of ma-
terials. In order to work, the chloro.
plast must have a supply of energy.
It gets it from sunlight. Chloropryll,
the green coloringe matter in the
chloroplast, has power to absorb ener-
gy from light, for when light passes
through it the chlorophyll retains cer-
tain rays, and it IA those retained rays
that supply the energy with which the
chloroplast works. The rays of light
that are not absorbed give the leaves
thoir green colo; that is, leaves are
green because the rays that produce
that color are not utilized. The role
of plants in the world is therefore evi-
dent. It is by them alone that food
can be made from that which is not
ood. For that reason they are the
only independent organisms— Inde-
pendent, that is, of the work of other
organisms. The phrase "noting but
eaves" is a figure of speech for fail-
ure, yet leaves stand for the most
undamental of all the work of the
card, without which there would be
o world of living things.
College. 1mdinboracb, one nt•'1' road the
]lulonrobie end eft•-' i7111e11 List of
the t t: ho, yeer nit..r t .r, have been
I, the tltit f sit 01 i ll s il'''l. Prouder 111.111
ell of !h•'ill 1 tae lar, is the record of
• Nit Peer (•,"d 4.;. obey who, tvhc•n at
\\rut o n ,. proverbially set at the but --
tom of his claw.
"Why do yua not try to do hotter' at
Y ache„I, my buy?” once asked his
f, father. ,
"Thcre'e '0 much more fun to he got
Y! at the bottom!" promptly came the
glib response,
Another i)lnstri,us Mance was Dr.
Thomas Chalmers, one of the greatest
e • churchmen this country ever produced.
f So hopeless was Master Thomas at
School that he was actually expelled
as Incorrigible and useless!
A famous Scotsman was equally
weak in the class -room- to wit, one
t' (Waiter Scott, who, though world -
famed in later days its the author of
1 "Vaver]ey," was, when at the high
;!school of hie native city, not only told
he was a dunce, but tnat he would al-
!
-ways remain one.
I Samuel Smiles tells a story of a cm•-
+ tain buy with whom he was at school, '
1 i and who, when not sitting at the end
n of the bottom bench of the clans, was
c ( standing in the middle of the door al-
o ternatively tendering the gains of his
• hands to the mercy of an irate do-
' minie. Even this dunderhead, how:
I ever, eventually belied his schoolday l
a reputation. In after years he became !
1 chief magistrate of hie native town.
3' Who cared to remember, at the
time Sheridan was charming the world
of fashion with his unparalleled elo
110ence, that in boyhood his tutor had
found him as dull-witted a boy as he
had ever niet,
The great General Grant, of Ameri-
can Civil. War fame, was a booby at -
school, was also s0 iib .
I alt Clivi+
the
founderuj
of our Indian Empire. )ire. `Phoma
1 s
Chatterton, the poet, was returned on
hie mother's ]rands as "a tool of whom -
north
Howarding, thecould be made;" while John philanthropist, was like-;
wise a dunkerheacl in the days when 11
he "crept unwillingly to school."
In the light of facts like these, the
parent who abandons hope of the boy
who receives more floggings than
prizes would he none the worse for a
good sound flogging himself.
CURIOUS NAMES FOR GIRLS.
Fantastic Labels Rather Than Truly
"Christian Names."
What extraordinary navies some
people are compelled to bear, or
choose to assume! I hesitate to call
them "Christian names," because they
aren't Christian, very often. "Given
names" is perhaps the better way of
describing them.
Perhaps you have heard of the
Irishman assisting at a baptism, who,
when he heard the godmother answer
"Hazel" to the question as to the
child's name, broke forth: "For the
Love of hiven! The whole calendar is
full of the names of blessed female
saints, and they do be calling the baby
after a nut!" •
I thought of that when I looked
through the catalogue of a girl's col-
lege the other day, and noted these
labels:—
Golde, Mae, Eura, Arvilla, ICath-,
ryan, Elva, Melba, Iter, Neva, Ramo-
na, Mabelle, Vidah, Esta, Millis,'
Marne, Mable, Arthetta, Lilliyan, 1
Bulah, Arbita, Narmie, Ara, Jennie,
Rosa, Zurelle, Zulienne, Vanja, Mote,
Corenna.
It was a eomf.ort to get back to
Bridget and Margaret! Names aro
not arbitary combinations of vowels I
and consonants; they have, or should
have, significance, a historic setting,.
a personal and family relationship,'
that dignifies them.
To invent fantastic labels for pet
dogs may be allowed: but human bed
Ings ought not to be int on that level.
Appeal to Zoology.
A woman recently selecting a hat
at a milliner's asked, cautiously;— i
"Is there anything about these hea-
thers that might bring me into trouble'
with the Bird Protection Society?"
"Oh, no, madam," said the milliner.
"But did they not belong to some
bird?" persisted the lady.
"Well, madam," returned the minim -:1
er, pleasantly, "these feathers are the ! `
feathers of a howl, and the howl, yelp!
know, madam, soein' as 'ow fond he is • s
of mice is more of a cat than a bird:'
erre semeeeeefeeeeeeee
PUSSY DID HER "BIT"
Half n Million Cats Were Sent to
Tzar Zone--l:.:ed its (las Painters,
Saco the Ilriti:ch 071)4' Office dist-
covered that ode etat!d be md,ilized
feI` sertrc, on the 1.41tkfrrnt, pussy
has mad: a dietinet ellvanee toward
rehabilitation in 114(410111' veteem,' As
sl !rot site never lr,rkeel favor, and to
day, many centuries art, the Egypt-
ian, first wive her '1101(0,', foo, homee
ere regarded t' complete without a
eat. Bat outside dol0utic• precincts
the feline st.11 hats need of all her
"nine lives."
.toned by urchins, h(ntecl by duras,
on snapped tip by .0. P. C, offieees to
be "ht'inanely destroyed," theliouse.
less cat has but a precarious exis-
tence, Even as a member of the
family rhe is suspected with preda-
tory habits, with the r4 enit that every
now and then the cry goes up that
she must be licensed, collared and la-'
holed. Our very proverbs• disparage
her, and the cartoonist loves to Pic-'
ture her what Shakespeare called the
"harmless necessary cat" as helliger
eat by nature, a very fury of the ani-
mal world, with raised hack, fur on
erd and widely distended eyes.
Who would believe, without the -
,evidence of chapter and book, that,
;such a creature would be useful in
war, and that in the war just closed
an army of 500,000 cute helped to
defeat the Hun? We have read of
dogs and pigeons being employed on
the western front as messengers; •
what could a cat do, except with teeth
5(111 claws, likely to make any con..
trihution to success in human combat?
Two years ago the War Office was
informed that this animal is pecu-
liarly sensitive to poison gas and:
notices ice presence in the atmos-
phere long before the senses of hu
man beings are affected, On the teat
being made pussy struck an attitude
of protest and whined her displeasure'
so unmistakably that the War Office
immediately accepted her as a re-
cruit.
In all the newspapers appeared the
advertisement, "Wanted, common
cats—any number." At once the
country, was scoured for cats, and
in inupon literally rained the
Bethnal -green bird dealer who had
been appointed to receive and dis-
patch them,
-,_--
- FEELING \VORRIED.
Then' Read This—And Think the Mat-
ter Over Again.
A wise man once said that at hone
he looked at his children's faults and
also at his wife's—if she had any—
through the big end of the telescope,
and all their virtues through the thin
end. The effect was that their faults
were minimised and their virtues mag-
nified.
I know an astronomer who has a
good many worrying things to put up
with, He said to me: "I lose thein
all when I get my eyes on the stars."
My word! That was a splendid
thing to say, He lived above his
troubles. What a lot of men and wo-
men find solace in good literature.
When a friend of nine is feeling
mopish he reads Wordsworth's "Ode
to Adversity," and it bucks him like a
tonic. That's a good kind of star gaz-
ing, not keeping one's eyes so fixed on
little things as to forget the big ones
that really matter.
Do you remember the man with the
muck -rake in "The Pilgrim's Pro-
greso?" Only a genius could have
thought of him. Yet lie is quite a com-
mon type. He is in rags and tatters,
and has a rake in his hand with which
he is scraping together the sticks and
stones and mud of earth, whilst, if he
would but raise his eyes, Ile would see
a radiant angel above him with a
crown in his hands,
Bunyan meant it in a religious sense;
but there are lots of muck -rakers who
are missing all sorts of good things
for the sake of getting worthless ones.
They use their microscope for the
high things and their telescope for the
low things. Through the magnifying
lens of a microscope a shilling would
look like the ninon, Through the
smile instrument tam sun Rion would
be invisible.
To Steam Velvet.
Never iron velvet. The pressure of
the iron wrinkles the soft pile of the
velvet and sometimes damages it ir-
reparably. Use a few drops of olive
oil rubbed by means of a peace of soft
flannel over the surface of the steam -
ng cloth. Continue this movement
til the cloth Is quite dry The
wrinkles will by this time have die -
appeared and the velvet will be
'tooth and fresh,
nflrte' COAL RESOURCES OF
Nib BRITISH COLUMBIA
i r ..m• e.:k, , MOST IMPORTANT MINE SITUA'
Why Motor -Truck hauling Pays.
In these days of farm -labor short
age it doesn't behoove any of us t
scorn a mechanical device that wit
evert in part take the place of a man
The motor truck for farin hauling
according to a painstaking investiga
tion by Frank Andrews of the U. 'S
Department of Agriculture Bureau
of Crop Esthnate, has proved it
right to be placed in the agriculture
sun.
Did you know that it is an estab
1•ished fact that one man driving
five -ton truck can haul more produc
to market than three teams, throe
wagons, and three men? And it ca
cover three tinges the distance tha
those three men with wagons can
freight ear is 75 tom, and while a
TED.AT CROWSNEST.
five -ton truck cacriee but one-fifth of r Fields
o the load of the railroad ear, it tr<_zvels Details Concerning -the Several i
1 five times as far', ilwa equalrz.!ng the
That Are Now Being Worked in
freight rail:; 11 1 :mance, m
Extensive plans are being nlnrle to' Canada's Far -West Province.
- assist the farmer to haul his crop to 'CI:+, C'roirsnest coal-Oe1d Is the most
market or to a central station, saving imrLrtllut body of coal that is being
his Several
t work mt the 'ftzrm' mined .In Ilritish Columbia. It In-
s Several thousand motor -trucks are choles an area of 210 miles. '('he anal
1 now on rural exrr'ess duty, but to en.is a high grade liitunthtons, eeaasinn-
courage additional operetors to enter ally running into anthracite. averaging
this being
ted Reid return bureaus shunt 0,1 per cent. fixed carbon. tMuch
n are being estabeished in hundreds of, the greater portion of the rn: 1 is tun-
e bureaucommunities,nhis By telephoning thenf the veiled into coke, the ren1ain,lor being
bureau in community farmer sold as stearal coal. There are 22
n may leave word fol returning tracks workable seams, with a tutsl thlcYt-
t to pick up implements or supplies' Hess of 211 feat, 100 feet of which le
thus saving him the time and expense
cover In a given time.
Hence, we have the illuminating
fact that one man and one five -ton
truck can do the work of eight men
eight wagons, and sixteen horses.
Figure up, just for fun, how much
eight men, eight wagons, and sixteei
would cost you over a peeled
of a year, then figure the cost of one
man and ono five -ton truck, including
the purchase price of the truck, and
see !tow long It would take truck
and man to pay for themselves. And
don't forget that there are trucks as
light as one -ton for the smaller farm-
er who wouldn't use so many men,
horses and wagons on his farm,
Mr. Andrew's figures are based on
reports from every section of the
country, and fcr all sorts of hauling,
and include not only the trip to town
with the load of grain, produce, or
Steck, but also the return trip, which
may be turned into profit by bringing
back supplies necessary to the oz•ddn-
arp,farm operations,
"The estimated cost of hauling in
wagons from farm to shipping
points," says Andrews, "averaged in
1918 about 30 cents per ton mile for
wheat, 33 cents for corn, and 48 cents
for cotton; for doing the same haul-
ing in motor trucks or by tractors the
averages are 15 cents for wheat or
corn, and 18 cents per ton mile for
cotton.
"While most of the hauling from
farms is done by the farmers them-
selves, these estimated costs are bas-
ed largely on the usual charges in the
various counties for hiring team and
wagon or far motortruck by the day.
Andrews also says that Motor-
truck hauls in 1918, from farm to
shipping point, averaged 11.3 miles,
while wagon hauls averaged 9 miles.
The motor truck made 3.4 round trips
per day over its longer route, while
the wagons made but 1.2 round trips
over the 9.mile distance. If the trucks
carried no more at a load than the
wagons, the increased number of
trips alone would place them in the
lead. But the fact is, taking wheat
for example, that the average wagon-
load was 56 bushels, while that of the
motor truck was 84 bushels, Ear
corn shows the same increased capa-
city in favor of the truck, the wagon
hauling' 39 bushels, with the motor
truck averaging 58 bushels.
Of the 1,473 county reports whiph
were received, Andrews tells us that
898 mentioned motor trucks being
used in hauling from farm to ship-
ping points. In a large fraction of
these counties, motor -truck service
was just coming into use in hauling
produce from the farm. There were
many reports of nae for light traffic,
such as poultry, eggs, and vegetables.
Two reporters claimed the truck to
be a necessity in their localities to
fruit -growing on a commercial scale,
on account of the long time required
for wagon trips and the •scarcity of
farm labor. In many States hogs
were hauled preferably in motor
trucks on account of the relatively
small amount of shrinkage compared
twith hauling in wagons. Some coun-
ties reported hogs hauled exclusively
in motor trucks, although these ve-
hicles had not yet comae ,into general
use for hauling grain or other pro-
ducts. Thousands of individual mo-
tor trucks engaged in intercity haul-
ing are duplicating, in time and ton-
nage, the work done by a corres-
ponding number of freight cars. A
railroad train of 90 cars will haul no
more merchandise than a caravan of
90 trucks.
The average freight car travels but
20 miles a day, and a motor truck
will travel 100 miles in the same
time. The average capacity of a
of a trip ttown. I estimated as workable.
o
In addition to the Crowsnest field
The idea of the rural motor -truck) referred to above, areas of eu.tl: en•
service is to accommodate the farrier, ]ng rocks are foiled at several tee its
, who is unable to buy a truck of his. in sou thorn British Columbia. filo
own. It will serve to bridge the gap
Princeton field includes an area of
n until he can afford private ownership..! about 50 square miles, At I'rineeton,
n It is a questicn whether the trucks) there Is an 181.3 -foot seam of Beetle
are bringing the good roads; orf i carrying 42 per cent, 1177011 earbnn, 33
good roads bringing thb trucks; but,• per cent, volatile matter and 10 per
which ever may be the case, the two' cent. moisture. At Nicola, seams 6
are inseparable. The truck cannot feet, 10 feet. 5 feet and 12 feet thick,
compete with the team and wagon on
respectively, have been nl'Inp 1. 79ie
a bad road, just as 61 is impossible Nicola coal is a subd)Itunrincus and
for the wagon to try to keep up with analyzes about 47 per cont. carbon.
the truck on a good road. A good 39 per cent. volatile and 4 per cant.
road is one that will permit truck and moisture.
motor traffic the year round, and not Coal has glen been found at Tula -
for certain months alone,
aeon, Ramkx,ps, IIat ('resit rod Noilh
If you live on a good, hard -sur- Thompson River.
faced road, look closely into the 7710- Valuable Seams In Vancouver Is.
for truck's economy for hauling pur-`
poses. It will pay You well. 1 The total area hl Vnnr, over island
underlain by coal seams a ab alit 11,;(l
-"-�>'-'" 1square miles, Theee r0il11d 1 ,1-
DI'3MANTLING HELIGOLAND I tain some of the best steam coal; on
' the Murillo coast,
Tiny Speck of Rock Has Importance The coal of the C701110x field Is colt -
Out of Proportion to its Size. : Ing bituminous 111111 contains 57,2 p.:r
cent, of Oxed carbon, the 111 14 441 1'n -
The proposal to dismantle IIeligo- bon content of all tihe Vancutiver le -
r becar-
uncloubts 11
land which will)'
Y,laud cools. Three' have been
vied out by FFlltente, w 1)0105 alined in this field,
to its end of imtheportance a tinyill speck The Nunaimo field 111171 a prirhlctire
of rock that has for long figured in! area of 65 square miles, though the
international relat'bns• Originally, area underlain by coal seams is some -
an independent republic, it was taken what larger, The 5071.1113 vary In think.
over by the Duke of Schleswig, after Bess, Occasionally a seam containing
it came into possession of Denmark frunl 2 to 3 feet of dirty 0051 carries
and was eventually occupied by Great 30 feet of clean coal at a polio only
Britain. It was long considered to' 100 feet distant. Run -of -mile coals
be invaluable from a strategic view -,from this flold run as high as 56 per
point, though its area ,is but a frac- cent, fixed carbon and 43 Per cent,
tion of a square mile. England, how-; volatile combustible; commercial
ever, in 1890 traded this island to samples, 12,470 to 13,160 British ther-,.
Germany.in a dicker between France,: )nal unite.
England and Germany. Gst'lnany took I The coal -fields of the Queen Char -
Heligoland, England Zanzibar and, lotte islands roto of Cretaceous and
France Madagascar. I Tertiary age, Tho Cretaceous coals
England's authorities ]lave been range from son( -anthracite to low -car -
skeptical about the value of Heligo-� bol, bituminous. The Tertiary coals
land, but Germany never had any;
are lignites, In 1871, mines were
doubts as to its worth, and immedi-, opened in the semi -anthracite at Cow-
ately set about making it impregn gitz, but the coal was so badly crushed
able. During the war England had; that the enterprise was abandoned.
on many occasions opportunity to, This coal analyzed 83 per cent. fixed
regret the trade of 1890. Admiral; carbon and 5 per cent. volatile corn -
Jellicoe, in his book just issued, tells, bustible; fuel ratio, 16.5.
]now strongly the British admiralty
strove to bring about a naval assault
of this fortress,
Produced $8,238,716 In 1917,
Ljgnite is found at Alexandria. Quee-
nel and Prince George on the Fraser,
$ on the Nazco river, Nechako river,
Dean river and Lightning creek,
Three aeons of bituminous coal, pos-
sibly a coking coal, aggregating 20
feet in thickness, have been reported
fact, proved less than that experi- on a tributary of Morice river, and
enced by commercial firms before three seams on Goat river, a tributary
the war. That is due to the very of the Telkwa, aggregate 56 feet in
great care taken of tho'horsee and to thickness.
the conditions under which they have The most important coal thus far
been working. There are three- discovered in the northern portion of
quarters of a million horses With the British Columbia are the semi-antlra-
armies abroad, If all these were cites and anthracites of the Ground -
brought home we should have such hog Mountain area, An area of 170
a glut of horses in the country as square miles is aesumed to be coal -
has never been known. What it is bearing, and contains 8 seams, with an
intended to do is to bring back as
taggregate thickness of 30 feet,
many sound horses as have been! The "actual" and "probable" re.
taken from the country and to dis- serves in British Columbia. are: Semi -
pose of the remainder -abroad. It is anthracite, 1.9 per cent; bituminous, '
interesting to know that the motor 3.3 nal' cent; cann1)een el, 2,4 per cent;
car had not driven the horse out lignite, 7.0 per cent,
even for purposes of transport. WillLignites have discovere(1 on
the horse hold its own again in civ- ICisniox river, Sustut river, Peace
ilian wait? Plainly, the authorities river and Liard river. Bituminous
believe it will, but if it did not it coal has been found near 'Peace River
would be necessary to give state en- canyon, and on the Take river.
couragement to horse breeding.
' Life of the War Horse.
The army wastage of horses was
believed to be immense. It has, in
A Roundabout Method.
"Pa, why do you always insist on
my singing when Mr. Bimley comes
here?"
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and tell him to got"
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The coal production in British Col-
umbia in 1917 was 2,433,838 tons, val•
ued at $3,235,716,
"Natural Measures."
The "Hand” and the "Pace" Are Two
of the Most Popular.
Perhaps the best-known "oat 9'at
measure" is "tlie hand," four inches,
to determine the height of horses.
This measure is, of course, derived
freed the breadth of the palm, and it
lies besatne sei well fixed in popular
esteem that it is unlikely it will seen -
bo superseded. Another p')1,411ar 1114-
tural Measure is the "pace.,' and prob-
ably every countryman who has clad
to do with land has usod it
Tho usual method is to stride off,
taking as long steps as possible, call-
ing each pace a yard. A natural meas-
ure employed by drossniakors is the
yard," as de'lermined by stretching
the material to bo measured botq'eon
the chin and the outstretched hand,
If It be a natter of inches, the dress.
maker will fold the bended upper joint
of her thumb along the cloth. These
natural measures are generally close
enough to Serve all practical purposes.
For many centuries there was used
the measure of the forearm, from point
of elbow to tip of middle finger, This
was the cubit of the Bible,