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The Brussels Post, 1918-6-27, Page 7t CANADA BEFORE CONFEDERATION The Growth of the Colony Under the 'Union Jack Until It Ac- quired the Proud Stature of a "Dominion" in the British Empire, When the capitulation of Montreal of 1760 was confirmed there were in Canada about 40,000 French descend - ante. Later came another 90,000, the Loyalists from the revolted Colon- ies, But these were scattered in Nova Scotia, Now Brunswick and what later became Ontario. Both races had to work for extension through what was practically virgin forest, How they did It is a tale too vast anti too heroic to be fully told in a newspaper article. Yet what were the commercial and other conditions in the years just pre- ceding Confederation? It was re- marked that the united Provinces flouriahed in all except politics. Trade had begin to grow with a rapidity which it has rarely been surpassed even since. Coming of the Settlers "During the quarter of a century that elapsed between 1842 and 1867, the crucial period of national develop- ment," remarks Bourinot, "an indus- trious population flowed steadily into the country, the original population became more self-reliant and pursued their vocations with renewed energy, and confidence increased on all sides in the ability of the Provinces to hold their own against the competition of a wonderfully enterprising neighbor Cities, towns and villages were built up with a rapidity not exceeded on the other side of the (American) border. In those days Ontario be- came the noble Province that she now is by virtue of the capacity of her people for self-government, the energy of her industrial classes, the .fertility of her soil, and the superiority of her climate"—a summary of conditions written over twenty yeare ago, whose exactitude in every detail is only em phasized to -day. The Maritime Industry inion, The terms on which New Brunswick and Nova Scotia came into the compact showed that they had realized how important the Inter - colonial Railway would be. Its sub- sequent history, whatever one may say of collective versus private own- ership, has fully justified the fore- sight of the eustorners then. In 1880 there were only fifty miles of railway in the old Pruvinee of Canada. But the Grand Trunk was commenced, and by Confederation there was the highly respectable total of three thousand miles, including the tine Victoria bridge at Montreal, which for the first time linked up the American systems with Canadian lines. As in steam railroads, so on sea. The Cunard line of steamships was inaugurated by a Nova Scotian, Samuel Cunard, who had been a suc- •cessful builder of wooden ships in the Maritime Provinces. At the sugges- tiar of Icon. Joseph Howe he tendered and secured the mail contract for the transatlantic passage. His vessel, army is fighting is not the Red En- crosses lying side by side and proper - the Britannia, started the floe at steam sign of the mercantile marine nor yeti 1 mail service from Liverpool on July 4, site the white ensign of the British navy, arm the theuwhal tedbecomes red as. In the nd the 1840.. but the Union Jack, that we see "can- red becomes white. This is what is In the same period the development toned" (to borrow a v ord from the meant by counter -changing. When of shipping on the Great hakes took language off heraldry) on thou the two crosses were thus laced side place. By 1870 there was a good nix'r n steam river service from Niagara to corner nearest the staff of the reel by side, the red cross of St. Patrick • Quebec, as all readers of William ensign with which we are most famil_ fell on the blue field and it became Dean Howelle know. In fact, in lar' neceseary to resort to another frfbria- travel the coming of Confederation As befits perhaps the most vener- tion to avoid color on color. Hence synchronized with the going of the able flag aruong ilia nations of rho the narrow white strip separating the old stage coach and all it meant. world, a flag which has left its red part of each arm from the blue Spread of Education print on the American Stars and, field. Then over all again was plac- Stripes and on the flags of the Britished the cross of St. George, with its " Then still more important was the Dominions and colonies, the Union! white fimbriation. This produced the emancipation which free primary edu- Jaek has a long and complicated his-; Union Jack of to -day. Itis officially THE BANNER OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE The Flag That Flies Over One (Gartner Of the Human Race and One-k'ifth of the ,Surface of the World, The Union Jack, Symbolizing Three Centuries of History, Combines the Crosses of St. George, St. Andrew and fit. Patrick. The flag under which the British ed." In each arm we see the two "The Maritime industry of the low er Provinces," the same genial chron icler-historian continues, "was devel- oped most encouragingly, and Nova Scotia built up a commercial marine not equalled by that of any New Eng- land State. The total population of the Provinces of British North America, now comprised within the Confederation of 1867, had increased from a million and a half in 1840 to three millione and a quarter in 1861— the ratio of increase in those years having been greater than at any previous or later'period of Canadian history." There had been since the forties a flood of immigration, from Scotland and Ireland in particular. The first Scottish settlers had sent back good reports and personal influence in a clannish race did as much then as Provincial propaganda. later. In Ire- land there were economic conditions after the potato famine of 1848, which benefited the Canadian Provinces, as the Irish settlements in Montreal, St. John and Halifax attest, About the sixties the larger English influx be- gan, when artisans rather than farm- ers came in to the growing eastern cities. Perhaps it is not often enough re- cognized how closely the date of Con- federation coincided with that of the blossom -time of railways in the Dom- ght. The year 1870 is tory. Other nations have "scrapped' escribed as Follows: . practically the world's turning point their former emblems, and set up new Azure: The Saltires of St. Andrew in this. It was about that year that ones during the ehanges of their his_ and St. Patrick, quarterly per saltire, Great Britain, France, Germany and tory. The Union Jack, on the con- eounterchanged, argent and gules; Italy in Europe, with eeveral of the trary, can trace its descent to those the latter fimbriated of the second; United States and some of the Re- dim times when knights rode in the surmounted - by the Cross of St. publics of South America adopted lists; when the Cross of 9t. George I George of the third, fimbriated as the - free and compulsory education for all. stood red against a white field, and - Indeed it has been claimed that Nova flew victorious among the arrows of Scotia, thanks to Sir Charles Tupper, Agincourt; when the flag of Britain led the civilized world in this parti- met the "Bright St. Andrew's Cross" cuter. A system was begun there in of Scotiand in mortei eembet. 1864. Ontario's record under Eger, ton Ryerson is everywhere acknowl- edged. To Canadians and to the rest of the world, who know nothing and care Another national factor which can- less about the venerable precedents and stern dictates of the ancient not be over-estimated in the twenty school of heraldry, the Union Jack years before 1867 was the facilitating teaches a particular lesson, namely, of trade through the fine banking that flags are not the creations of elates in Canada. By means of a color -loving committees and fanciful facile paper currency and a sane me artists, but that they all have definite thod of credit, this gave an impetus to origins, and every detail has a mean - trade in the middle of the last ren -,Ing, if you can understand their tury to which no tribute is too high' language. to -day. Close study of the American system enabled Canadian bankers; Story of Britain's Flag then to avoid many of their errors, so So here is the story of the Union that, combined with the stability Jack, containing in its carefully which Canada enjoyed as a part of modulated stripings the whole history the British Empire, there was estab-1 of a united Britain. It is a story of lished a confidence which soon invited heraldic terms and details, but if you investment of money within the Prov read it, you will know how to hang inces. This has not ceased to -day, the flag from your house, and what and it is possible that after the war, is more, you will not reverse it, nor experience will still more be that yet hang it upside down as a signal "trade follows the flag." of distress. All this may be "as a thrice told The flrat "Union Jack" was adopted tale," but its recapitulation can only' in 1606 soon after the union of Eng - tend to fuller consideration at this land and Scotland under James I. time of what it was that went to the (4 Jac. 1), end`the "Jack" is supposed making of the twentieth century; to be a corruption of Jac., which was Canada, with which we are all con-. the common abbreviation for Jacobus corned. The First of July. This is a great anniversary day in the history of Canada, one of the meet brilliant 'members of the British Em- pire, Canada is a bulwark of free- dom, and her sone have fought with magnificent courage in this great war. Their deeds of valor on the Vimy Ridge, and many another battlefield, are now a matter of history. They have shown the might of Canada and the strength of the British Empire, When the Old Country was assailed in its defence of freedom, the great Dominions were the first to make corn - men cause with the Old Country, and together they have shown that there is more in the might and the muster of the British Empire than ever its enemies reckoned. This day is also a day sacred to the commemoration of those vrho died untimely far from their homes in the great Dominion, the men who fell tortured by poison gas holding the line at Ypres, the men who stormed and held the crest of Vimy Ridge, and were lost in victory. By their deeds Canada has won an honor which glorifies and sanctifies the triumphs of peace. So the deepest note in 'Our Dominion Day celebration is the Farmers who chip their wool direct to ea get better pricer than farmers who well to the general store, ASK ANY FARMER! who has so!d his wool both gays, and note what he paye•-• or better still, write os for our prices; they R 11 ohow you hove much you loss by willing to the Genesi Store, wb�thehll':f�estpri es of Area deee b ea are N ..en •. ql in a n' tie A, of bol•.y[r ., =Mee 4411.aie wadi tr (*AIL Mapes yetut roof ny od trllill,f� moniker) ike ow* you co, adt pd4 &Stared et a Square eel(COiaud a 11 CHURL ANDREWS pp NTo aaxewv. last. Other British Flags The Union Jacic has a top and a bottom. The cross of St, Andrew came in befote the cross of St. Pat- rick and takes precedence. Conse- quently the broader white stripe, rep- resenting the cross of St. Andrew, should be uppermost next the staff. The red flag with the Union Jack in the corner which we see flying at the sterns of steamships is known as the "Red Ensign." It is the flag ap- propriated to the use of the mercan- tile marine. The British flag, the flag used by the army, and flown on pub- lic buildings, is the Union Jack—no more and no less. Still another flag is used by the British navy, It is a white flag with the red cross of St. George and the Union Tack occupies the upper canton next the staff. Thus In Flanders to -day the British soldier, if he is from Old England, sees floating above him the cross of St. George, as the Scotchntan sees the cross of St. Andrew, as the Irishman sees the cross of that venerable saint who banished the sna' , from his na-I tive heath. A Vita/ Necessity in Peace or War The operations of Waterpower and Public Utility Oam• paniea are a vital neceseity to the industrial and acetal welfare of crown., and are as essential in (Imes of pewee as in war. THE SOUTHERN CANADA POWER COMPANY, LIMITED --e. Water -Power k Public Utility Demmer controls water powers capable of 100,000 I1.P, development, and supplies light and power to over 45 municipalities in the Eastern Townedripe and vicinity. These are two of our reasons for recommending We e%, BONDS OF THE SOUTHERN CANADA POWER COMPANY, LIMITED, which we are offering with a bonus of common stook, thus giving investors an opportunity of participating in the future success. of the Company. Send for special circular, and map allowing territory served. HONDA TREY IIID 8IIN0846/0113 TffiONS II&I oN BSONY•SLT PAYNOSN'T yLdN ,NESBiTT, THOMSON cit COMPANY Investment Banker el Limited Mercantile Trust Bldg. - - Hamilton 222 St. James Street - Montreal CANADA'S CONSTITUTION IN THE MAKING At the Westminster Conference, Held in London, in December, 1866, the Idea of Union Took Shape in The British North America Act. A Song Te• ("amnia. [Written by Helen llevreg and recite ed in leis Majesty's Theatre, London, England, by Marie Mohr.] They came in their splendid battalions when the motherland gave the sign, from ranch and orchard and farrtr- 1 land, from factory, office and mine; From the land of the warm -hued. I maple leaf and the flaming golden rod, Where a man stakes all on the task in hand, and gives Isla soul to God. torn and broken battalione, when you've played your aplendid Part, You will take back there to your home- land a bit of Old England's heart; In the land of the warm -hued maple leaf and the flaming golden rod, We shall face with you the task in hand, and leave the rest to God. Canada, Britain's Eldest Daughter. Canada was the first colony of any Empire in all the world's history to come to national self-government without revolution, without separa- tion, and without sacrificing., tho beetles ground of the nation's history, saga the Toronto Globe. Nos by the old way of war, and nett at the cost of the alienations war ale ways brings, but by a new and livitis way, by the way of normal evolutios and peaceful developmeut, camp Canada to hold, on this continent, her The Charlottetown Conference met fected by the union, and this to some Placa of national self-government and on September :1, 1864, All the invit-; extent simplified the work." Mf^a4international co operation,- ythe j ed Provinces sent delegates, but the oldest colony in the Empire, New- foundland, was not represented. Tak- I ing a later term in Canadian history fit might be said that the conference was one of "bonne entente" more than 1 of detail. Mr. A. H. U. Colquhoun remarks in his book, "The Fathers of I nConfederation,": "The Charlottetown I Conference was an essential part of the proceedings which culminated at Quebec. The ground had been brolmn. The leaders in the various Provinces had formed ties of intimacy and friendship, and favorably impressed each other." It was, however, in the Quebec Conference that the working plan of the union was framed. The confer- !ence began its sessions on October 10. There were thirty-threes represents-- :tives present. These are the Fathers 'of Confederation. After Bitting for jfourteen days they agreed on a set of seventy-two resolutions which were to be submitted to their respective Legis - j latures. The first, which was pro- posed by J. A. Macdonald, seconded by S. L. Tilley, read: 1"That the best interests and the present and future prosperity of British North America will be promoted by a Federal union under the Crown of Great Brit- ain, provided such union can be effected on principles just to the several Provinces." An Historic Gathering It was a momentous gathering in the old building in Quebec, now de- molished. The thirty-three were in deep earnest about their work. Their sessions were held in secret. At the time a good deal of rumor ran around as to what went on in the chamber, but the facts have since become pret- ty well known. The gossipy, charm- ing records will remain one of the most interesting parts of Canadian' literature. But they cannot even be summarized here. The resolutions were the essential outcome. A great many views have been ex preased about the act which has come to be almost universally known as the! Constitution of Canada, Dr. Bernard Flint, the Clerk to the Canadian,' House of Commons, holds that the real' "constitution" of Canada can only be said to lie in the unwritten laws which matte up the British Constitu- tion. Prof. J. E. C. Munroe, pro- fessor of law at Owens College, Man-' Chester, looking at the British North America Act with the impartiality which distance givea, summed up the effort, not of the Quebec Conference only, but of the subsequent confer- ences r.nd consultations with Colonial Office officials in London, as follows: "A study of the Canadian constitution offers a special field for the inquirer, It is a successful ef- fort to solve the problem of uniting distinct States or Provinces under a central government. While the American States had to create not merely a central government, but a government which, within the limits, laid down, should be supreme, the Canadian Provinces had to organize a union, subject to a supreme Execu- tive, Legislature and Judicature, all of which already existed. The executive supremacy of the Queen, the legislative power of the Imperial Parliament, said the judicial functions of the Privy Council remains unaf- outgrowthe of the Union Jack I The influence of the Union ,Jaek has spread far beyond the British' Isles. It is safe to say that it has or James. The Union Jack combined left its trace on every Anglo-Saxon the ancient flag of England, the red emblem. The American flag, after, cross of St, George on a white field, all, is nothing but the Red Ensign, they thunder of the war for freedom. The with the ancient flag of Scotland, the red striped with white, the crosses e glad music of the Doxology is n hymn white cross of St, Andrew on a blue the Union Jack removed from the to honor of sacrifice. Our joyful field. The two flags were combined blue field and steps substituted u on the thanksgiving for Canada's marvellous blue field to represent the union of ; achievement in the use and govern- by putting the cross of St. George the States. Australia, Canada, and' went of her great territory has a with a white edge, or fimbriation as New Zealand, all of them bear the deeper and nobler significance in the the heralds call it, representing the Union Jack or part of it cantoned on; commemoration of, those of her sons white field of the old Engliah flag their emblems. The flags of the this -I who have given up their rich inherit- over the old Scotch flag. The rules teen American colonies, the anti ance and life itself for their loyalty of heraldry applicable to flags as well quarian will tell you, are all of them and their faith in liberty.as to coats of arnrs did not permit outgrowths of the British emblem, color on color or metal on metal. The containing the cross of St. George or white represented silver, and in a for- other parts of the Union Jack. The mal description of the flag is termed pictures in the U. S. grammar school argent.' Consequently the fimbria. history books to the contrary, the flag tion not only preserved a portion of that tete Americans carried at the bat. the ancient white field for the .red tle of Bunker Hill had on it the cross cross to repose in, but avoided the of St. George, with, as the heralds heraldic solecism of placing a 'red spry, the pine tree of Massachusetts d, Th fi CANADA 1867-1918 Wild trackless land, where trod the dusky race Untutored those short years ago to -day cross on a blue flee a rst Uruon for "difference." Many is the time Stands forth our fair Domain and Jack was azure, a saltire argent, aur- that British emblem, its component with a place mounted by a cross of St. Georgy parts, and its descendants have clash - And name revered and honored far away. Thou country of broad acres, whose ideal Of Liberty and Justice days gone by Fulfilled that promise. So the dream is real To -day. And hearts are proud to do or die. a The way was lengthy, 'Mul the path eared, And bloody storms oft marked that growth of years, But with that faith of Home, and trust in God The way was clear'd, and smiles ehone through the tears. So stands to -day our monument of pride. Broad smiling land that sweeps from sea to sea, Whose eons to -day ere standing side by side On blood-stained fields to do or die for thee. ---Robert Partridge. ".Ilia Dominion shall be also from the one sett to the other, and from the flood unto the world's end"—Peeohlt 72, 8. fimbriated of the second (argent). The Cross of St. Patrick The union of Great Britain and Ire. land (1801) introdueed a third cross into the Union Jack—the red cross of St. Patrick, which was a saltire, like the cross of St. Andrew. Theee two crosses were combined, an arrange- ment which the heralds described as "quarterly per saltire, counterchang- ed on the field of battle, but to -day the Union Yank has reached a unique stage in its history. For the first time every Union Jack in the world has joined in a eommoe alliance against a common enemy. The ermine of the Union Jack have finally united against the Black Eagle, which Glad- stone might have justly tailed "the negation of God." The "Dominion" of Canada. It was only after much discussion of the question and after changing their minds more than once, that the Leathers of Confederation decided to call the union they formed a Do- minion. Sir John Macdonald was in favors of calling it a Kingdom, saye The Mail and Empire. In some of the drafts of the bill which finally issued from the Imperial Par- liament as the British North America Act it is provided that the Queers be authorized to declare by proclamation that the provinces in question "shall form and be one milted dominion un• der the natne of the Klugdonr of Canada?' "Dominion" was the term finally adopted, not because it was altogether satisfaetory, but because it was lees open to misunderstanding. To some minds the name Kingdom might sag- gest the idea of eeparatlom, But . f was born the Dominion of Canada, tine name "Kingdom" suggested too soaring an ambition, the term "Dom- inion" seemed rather humble. In fifty-one years Canada has madeit a term of dignity, one that the daughter States of Britain throughout the Em- pire have been proud to adopt. The self-governing communities of Greater Britain are now all "Dominions." That term of distinction differentiates them from the "colonies." New Zealand formally adopted the name "Domin- ion." The British Colonial °Mee was reorganized some years ago and a Dominions branch Ives eetablished. It was in London, Eeglami, that the Fathers of Confederation mot in 1867 --81 years ago --in a room of the Westtninater Palace Hotel, which is now in its club capacity inhabited by many Canadians of the C,E.F. There The London Conference It was in London that the act was finally shaped. The Westminster Conference at London in December, 1866, comprised of delegates from the Canaries, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, drafted Ithe British North America act from ,the resolutions adopted at Quebec in i October, 1864. The British Govern - Imen t was now a thorough convert to I the idea of the union, and Cartier was Iable to tell the people of Montreal a few months afterwards how loyally the delegates had been supported. ' "It is a great source—/ will not say of pride—but a great source of en- couragement," he said, "to the public men who then took part in that great schema, that it was adopted by the English Parliament, without, I may say, a word of alteration." "Provincial Rights" Battle To understand clearly what has be- come known as the "Provincial rights" fight, it is well to recall that one of the impelling causes of the Confedera- tive movement was the fear that "State" right would run wild as it was believed it had in the United States, causing, some thought, the Civil War. In the constitution of the United States the powers not specifically de- legated to the Federal Government at Washington are within the jurisdic- tion of each State. The contrary was the effect of the Canadian con- stitution. Any powers not specifical- ly given to Provinces are reserved to the Dominion Government. How this has resulted not merely in the slow evolution of Provincial Parlia- ments, Provincial courts of law and other departments, and how the ap- parent duplication of some of this work had to go on under the Domin- ion control cannot now be told. It is a long story of the gradual fitting of two sets of machinery to each oth- er. In the end, though the process is not yet finished, it can be said there has been evolved a facile and work- able scheme. Under it Canada has grown in strength and prosperity. In all this complexity one thing stands out, It ie the high standard of the Canadian Judiciary. To the Judges of the land has time after time fallen the decision of saying what the Fathers of Confederation aimed at in a loose phrase. The re- sult, where there was so little light to guide, has been such that Canada may well be proud of the intelligence, the independence and the integrity of her lawyers. In the strictly political arena there. have been odd developmente, some of then( far other than those anticipat- ed, but which do not seem in working to be attaining dissimilar ends than those sought. For instance, in the United States the power of the Senate grew at the expense of the House of Representatives. In Canada almost the contrary took place the Senate dwindled in influence and in publio estimation as the House of Commons extended, Conditions, however, are so tactful- ly observed on the one side, and con- trol so mildly exercised on the other, that, instead of causing- friction, the actual limitations have become a bond of sentiment and obligation; they form that unuttered something which gives the apt link of love to Kipling's lines: "Daughter am I in my mother's house, But mistress in my own." WAS A MEMORABLE' DAY Tune 14th 77 Years Ago Parliament of Canada Met in Kingston June 14th was a memorable day in the history of Canada end Ring - Ston, for it was on this day. 1.841, just 77 years ago, that the sitting of the first Parliament of Canada was held' in the small frame bunding next to St. Paul's Chttreli, Quece st„ I�tng- I story. In this building, which is still ; ntuct and occupied, the members of j the Parliament of Canada went into seasion to carry on the business of i i Canada, then in its infancy. The speech from the throne was delivered by his Excellency, Lord Sydenham,1 Governer -General of. Canada, and after this event the Gazette du Canada pa nelled its first extra in Kingston•' The guard of horror to the Governor- General was furnished by the 14th i Regiment, The live stock farmer can use fer- tilizer to mueh better advantage than can any other farmer. His soils are usually rich in humus and thins en- able the crop to make the beet poi-, sfble use of fertilizer applied, que place of strategy service in all the English-speaking world. And not by inheritance alone, nor by any happy chance of geography or of history, but by the deliberate and persistent choice of the Canadian ' people, was it determined that Canada should stand up in North America, a. tree nation embodying the democratte idea. Through a half -century d conflict, involving sometimes fierev. 'political struggles and sometimes evert armed strife, the people of the colon- ies of Canada came up to the rights and privileges of national autonomy eecured through the British North America Act of flfty-one years age, First by their representative com- missioners in London, and then through their own responsible Legis- lative Assemblies, the people of tCanada declared to themselves, to the Government and Parliament of Bri- tain, and then to all the world, the !Canadian interpretation and applica- tion of what history calls the Anglo-, Saxon idea—the right of a free people to govern themselves. The coming of Canada from colonial dependence to national self-govern- ment was not only something new in world politics, a tiring without a pre. cedant or a parallel in the world's achievements, but also it released in. the world's mind a new idea. It pre- pared the way for the conning of the British commonwealth, and in the mind of the English-speaking world lit gave the idea of World common-, wealth precedence of the idea of World empire. I Canada was the first-born in the British family. The family has grown, and is still growing. Australiacams next. Then New Zealand. Then, through the birth -pangs of war, came South Africa. Newfoundland has long rejoiced to hold itself a self-gov- erning colony in the surge and Page of the North Atlantic. And, marvel of all, when this world war broke, from out the farthest East, with ' pledges of devotion and with sacrifices none but sons can make, came India mysterious and mighty, an Oriental empire of the most ancient fame, standing up on the alien salt of Eur- ope to serve and to dle in defence of modern democracy against the latest - born of World empires whose insolent alternative was "World -power or Downfall." And all this marvel of the Agee, this strange meeting of the East and the West, this flowing together over the plains of Europe of the life -currents of the St. Lawrence and the Ganges —all this is Freedom's supremest is- sue from what wee so simply done fifty-one ,yarns ago, The world's democracy took a new atart when Canada rose from being a colony and. began to be a nation, and when Bri- tain turned away from the false mirage of Empire and began to be a commonwealth of free nations, that, on this fifty-first anniversary of Canada's Confederation, 'swings round the world singing together "God Save the King," Boys, How About. It? There are some 80,000 Soldiers -of - the -Soil this summer enlisted to help out on the farms so no to head off the Hun. Are you one of them? If not, why not? Boys from 16 to 10 are res quired for this service and it is th most important work a boy moo had to do. It is backing up the soldiers at the front. Plan to spend your hall - days on the farm this summer. Close the 'Stores Early, Why not close the stores every other day at noon and let the clerks go out and help oh the farms? Why not lei the townie employing, Including th4 town clerk, go out on the farm for the harvest rush? Why not otos* tete law+ yens' offices every atternoot f W cannot the Beheld iiashete telp On tit farms during the holiday; f Farmers in Kone' district hope have a ear of oarly Euroka eaad pa toes to e'hip out next yeas ,t