Loading...
HomeMy WebLinkAboutThe Brussels Post, 1898-7-1, Page 3JULY 1, 1998. T'13.1 BRtYS$ELS POST, WE WANT GOUD ROADS." By A. W. Campbell, C. E., Road Commissioner of Ontario. The Great Need of This Country is Good Roads—liow to Build Them Economically Explained by an Expert—Useful Hints and Diagrams to the Road Builders of this Country. towns and cities will pay only 10 Per cone of elm cost, IN BRIEF. Roads that "break up" are bad roads. Make road Improve -meals In each a LOCATION OLP ROADS. saterously, and throw iron and steel There aro very many instances where, into disaespine. A eouncil actvertisee by changing Lae course of a road eor tendere. Tem companies responding -BROM:1y, mumielpelitiles would save a supply their own plans and specifica- laage sum in conseructien, and at the dons. Thus_ fer the procedure Is en- same time modem° a better road. A. (Iroly satisfaotory. The &Malley :slight deviation would frequently avoid arises when councils accept, the lowest swampy or wet groand, or would (to tender without obtaining the advice ol away with the necessity of expensive tin experienced builder of iron bridges cues and fills. A. Wel min sometimes as lo the plans and specifications sub - be avoided Oil the grade very much mitted. 'Jells is a matter in which few reduced by altering the location of the township engineers and surveyors are roan Mere is a prejudice against (ac- qualified to decide, and certainly the ing the roans from the lines laid clown wit/dote of councillors. entirely wine - in the original survey, and property out proeessianal braining in such mat - ,01,V11 BrS prefer le have their fe.rms tors. is not to be trusted. Cases have bounded by 4tcraight lines. At the same metered ea Abell a &Harems° of Live time the value ot good roads to the dollars been influenced a council to ace farm should not be overlooked., and rept a tender for a bridge which was inivnifestly, to a man of experience, worn less than the other by severe, hundred dollaes; and Which was indeed unsafe of fe ring every likelihood of fail- ure witei attendant loss of lite and great expense for reconstruction, It is difficult to understand the action of some councillors shrewd in other mat- ters, in the consbruction af bridges and other public works proceeding with such apparent disregard for the true interests of those whom they represent. A small sum spent in securing reliable advice is as much a matter of economy in public as in private Wales. RECENT ROAD LEGISLATION. The State of Massachusetts is one of those which has taken advanced stops in road improvement. On petition of a county, ibre state road commission may, witb the as nt of the Legislature adopt any road within the county is a state highway. Except that the grad.- ing and bridging is done by the (meaty the work thereafter, both construction and maintenance, is under the author- ity of the state commission. ,Also on et pition of two or teaw r° cities or tons a road between them may be made a state heghway. The "state com mission" is composed of three cone missioners who compile statistics, make investigations, advise regarding road censtruction and maintenance, and bald public) meetings for the discussion o road matters. One-fourth the cost o construction is paid by the county the remaining baree-feuxelis being paid by the state. In 1894 the state spent $800, 000, in this way; in 1895 $400,000; and. in Whenever a change in the road. allow man moans elle change from a bud to a good road, or a change from a tamp to a gentle grade, the eaglet ineonveni- ence Greeted by the alteration of boipa- dxy lines will be many times repaid. CULVERTS. In no branela of municipal work is .so much money' wasted. as in the con- struction and maintenance of sluices .and culverts. In meet townships these are built of timber. Timber is perish- able, culverts are subjected to repeated changes of wil et (Mdry eveather. the severest test to Which timber weld be subjeeted. Baal year a large number of these oulverts are renewed at a cost of from $5 to $50 eadh, in some town- ships aggregating from $600 to $1,500, and (bis is an animal outlay. The life .of these structures is so short that it is not more than Rae years before re- pairs are required and these repairs in O short time amount almost to renew- al of the most expensive kind. A. brok- en plank, or stringer, a rotten log or any timber replaced with now at differ- ent periods, makes the maintenance very costly, and this class of structure the most temporary and expenseve. No sooner have they all been rebuilt than wo must again commence the struction of the first, in this way the .expeaditare becomes perpetual, and .fixes a large percentage of our annual tax. If these culverts are ill their proper locations, natural watercourses, and cabox fixed places, they will always be required aml their construction in the most durable manner is the best end most economical plan. Fox small oulverts there is very lit- tle difference in the cost of timber and vitrified pipe. If properly laid the lat- ter wilt withstand the frost and is dur- .able, These pipes Play be used up to 18 inches in diameter; and the capacity may be increased by laying two or more rows, butt the pipes should have At least one foot of earth or other Lill - lag between them. Culverts oE 5 or 10 feet span dhould be cement concrete arches, winch is permanent if the con- crete is properly made. The concrete should be composed of (Lest class cem- ent: clean, sharp, silicious sand, free from earthy particles and coarse ein- ,ough to pass through a twenty mesh, sieve; clean gravel screened through an inch and a halt screen, the largest stones bo be not more ehen two and one half lathes in diameter; oir in place -of gravel broken stains that will pass through a two and 0115 half inch ring. 'Tbese materials should be mixed in the proportion of one cubic foot of cement, two cubic feet of sand and three cable feet. of gravel or brolken stone, with just :image' water bo make the whole into a plastic mass. The sand and Gem- ent must first be mixed dry, then a .sufficient quantity of water added to make it into a Mick paste. IL should then be thoroughly mixed again, spread out the stone or grawel added, and the whole thoroughly mixed until every stone is emend with the mortar„ then put It in place. The walls should ex- tend well below Me frost line and have a wing at the ends to protect the em- bankment from wath. BRIDGES. way Wet they will lie permanent, Whether by statute labor or otter mewls andertake ronelevork systielnae Lied 1 y. Appoint tt stmervietar who will have el etre road 1(6�S five miles in 'entitle. charge of all the rottdworle. choose the best men as pathmasters, and keep them in office . Classify tee mule according to the maitre and errant of traffic over them. 814014' the width of grade. amotta (1 of (TOWS, plea or drainage, kind, width' and depth of matelot to be used, and see that thee specifications are carried. Purchase gravel by the ple, not by the load. Use clean .road material. Strip the clay and earth from over the gravel pit, before Lite time of per- forming statute 'Wear. If screening or crushing le neces- sary, let this be done before timeline of statute labor, leo not. sinner money making tri- fling repairs on temaorary structurets. Roads, culverts and bridges will nt- ways be required, and their eonstru°. lion in the most durahle manner, suit- able to xequiremente, is most econ- omical. If etatitte labor is to he made sure coastal the work must ee systematical- ly planned and some definite end kept 111 V1SIV, I Have the work properly laid oat be- : fore the (lay appoented to conemeuee I work. Only csll out a sufficient num- ber of men and teams to properly carry , oat the work in hand and notate them of the implements each -seal be requir- ed to bring. ; Let no pathaester return s, rate -pay- ers' statute labor as performed, unless Lt has been done to his satisfaction. In justice to others make the statute- . labor returns clearly; show what world has not been done. Sea that the coancil collects the am- ount from the delinquent parties and have it expeaded the next year. The [animater should inspect the roads under his charge after every ' heavy rain -storm. feev minutes' work in freeing drains from obstru.o- done, filling holes, diverting a (=rent ' ol water may save several days' work if neglected. • It is impossible to do satisfactory. work on clay roads which are very wet or which have become bake(1 and hard- _ ened by heat and drought. The opera- _ tor of the grading machine shouldhave instructions to commence -work on clay roads as soon as the ground has be come sufficiently settled. in spring - and not to leave tats work until the time of statute labor, usually in June ; when the ground is hard and dry, The Ourgular Red The Public Houser "le Me palate house," sald 131an- Watson, the huntaelst. "Yes," 1 replied, looking et the building's we were approaching, "but a estrange position -away from the high road, and surrounded by villas." "A very trange position. We will rest in the public -house, and I will tell you bow It came to be built In seek a strange position." •• 4 smiled, and followed him into the selootr bar, Wo sat at ono of the tab- les, and wore silent for a time, he thinking and I watching him. "The story begins," he said, present - la, "with a burglary committed by a certain: 131 11 Jones, one night long ago. "13111 was p young member of the profession. Hitherto he had not at- tempted anything very big, but con- tinued success in small things had made him bold. On this night he broke int o the house of a well-known actress, in the hope of carrying caf her jewels. "Ha succeeded in getting the jewels and was leaving with them when ha found that the slight noise be had made had attracted attention, A ser- vant girl met him at a turn of the stairway and began to shriek. Ile rushed by her and to the window through which he had entered. As be Passed through it agate he beard doors being opened, and knew (.bat the house was fully aroused." "I understand," I said, "Bill escap- ed. The actress employed a detec- tive. The detective built this public house in an out-of-the-way place, hop- ing that Bill, as an oto(the-way Youngman, would call in one dela 1°T al drink, Curiously enough, 13111 did," Blanco Watson frowned. "This is an intellectual story," he said; "it does not depend on 0015131(1- 000138, "I will continu.e. Bill avoided the first: pursuit by a hong run across country, and then walked toward his home, not daring to use the rail way. He kept to the by -roads as much as possible, and at the close of the next day had reached the neigbborhood of London. "A spade lying inside a field gate suggested to him the advisability of hiding the jewels until he had arrang- ed, for their sale. After making sore that he was not observed, he enter- ed the field and pioked up the spade, A. tree of peculiar growth stood. just beyond, him, In the manner of fiction he counted twenty steps due north froni the tree, and. then dug a deep hole, placed. the jewels in it, and filled it up again. "He arrived home safely that night but was arrested in the morning, The servant girl had given an accurate de- scription of him to the police, and they had recognized it. "In due course he was Lried. The evidence ngainst 111111 IVSS very strong. The servant girl swore that he was the men she met on the stairs; some of the villagers swore that they had seen bine near the house previously to the With the money which can be spent - ' build permanent culverts. Merman= bridges, bay machinery, buy grave Wooden bridges, except where timber is very plentiful in the immediate local- ity, are not a good investment in view of the reduced oast of Iron and steel, .a,nd the increasing cost of timber. Tim- ber decays quickly, and while cheaper than steel in first cost, is moire expen- sive after a term of years since the cost ol repairs is 'very greet. Generally spertking the cog of an iron superstructure is more than that of weed. T,he substrueture of stone or emerge is moan expensive than pile or 'orib work, but as in other structures a firm foundation is most serviceable and 'economical. Wooden foundations from decay and oblier causes settle and the least settlement in blie foundation twists the timber causing a disarrange- ment ol the slovens and frequently transferring the greatest load to the weakest point. Wherever timbers have seat or bearing exposed,, decay soon commences, and When least expected, collapses under a heavy load, Wherever timber is used in bridges it should be used in members from four to six lathes in thickness, the strength .of the beam or chard being obtained by building several members together., properly breaking joines, and coaling each bearing with lead. A further protection is to °over these built; timb- ers with galvanized iron to protect the numeroue joints ana bearings erten moisture. All ems, corbles, chords, braces and Door beams should be made in this way eo that the thickness of no limber will be marc than six inthea. A. wooden bridge should be painted one year tif 14T erection; iron bridge at time •of ereetion, and care should be taken to see that they ale kept 1)0111151 11031 that all nuts aro kept tightened so that each member may mail its fair :Mart of the load, The cost of renewing 5 wooden bridge In which a man has to be sent to put in a. ttew 'timber from time to time will amount to twice ilio initial oast of the luidge. In tette Way the ultimate coed, of a, timber obruchlre becomes very great, Tele course pursued by eoarte, indeed most, munielpalieles in meeting iron %ridges Is likely, however, to result (Ilse . ee ee -e-nae-ana• READY TO RECEIVE THE GRA.VEL.-Cross-section, Showing earth shoulders as turned back by the grading machine: 11396 $60e,000. It is intended that al- pits, prepare gravel for hauling, con- timately almat one-tenth of the entire street drains, operate the machinery. road -mileage will be built as state high- ItIse Lhe statute labor as far as pos- • • b k ways El g g In Michigan, upon a majority vote of stone, the rate payers in any county, a county Do not leave the gravel or broken load systemmay be adopted, A board stone just SS it drops froni the wagon. of commissioners five in number, are Spread the metal, electe& by the people bo lay out, and Crown the road with a rise of one construct oartain of the leading roads, isiole to the Loot from side to centre so to be paid far and thereafter main- se to shed water from the roadway to tabled by a county rate. A bill has just passed the New York may be adopted as state reeds. The pe- tition of a county council, certain roads ma, ybeadopted as state roads.' The pe - tele is first 3resented to dm State 'engineer. If he approves of the sec - tern of road thus sought to be improve Use road machinery, ed, he prepares plans, sepolfications and 'Use graders, stone crushers and road Hers the drams. Give the open drains a good fall to barglary. He WAS found guilty and ,sime, great and lie had given UP the "Years pasaed. The deacon had be- coneei an invalid, and Bill praelleally maimeeed, his basiness. He was an Ira - Portant ma at (.he chapel, too, aad was often entrusted with a oollootion- box. One clay the deacon died. Soon arterwarel It was known that, having 1114 near relatives, lie had ;left 1318 Pro- perty to his friend William Jones," "I see I" 1 exelelmed; "13111-" Blanca Witte= shook his head, "13 11 1 was 13111 no longer," he said. "He lead become a men of wealth. At the next election of deacons he was one of ;the successful oendidates, In Attune we nauet l'i4,frt to bine as lar. .10121•45, apet not as 13111 "Mr. Jones Was a most energetio deacon, He introduced new members and he per/twitted old ones to attend more regularly. He started a young men's literary society and a series of Saturday entertainments, He made the chapel. OW MOst popular in the dis- trict; and then, at a New Yealee meeting, he struck boldly for the jewels. "The chapel was too small., he said in the course of an eloquent speeth, They most erect another on a )(lease site, There was but one Kuril site in the neighborhood, They mast. VOW'S it. before others did. He himself would undertake the building ope rations, charging; only what. they cost him. He would also purchase the old chapel, The net expenditure geed not be very great. "The proposal was well received and a( committee, with Mr. Jones as atoll" - min, was appointed to consider the de- tails. Their report 15-15 very laver - able, and at another business meet- ()11r9iL 17:i decided to carry oue the iopo "The necessary tunas were subserib- ed or guaranteed, Contracits were made with Mr, ,Tones. In the spring, of that year the building operations were commenced, and by the autumn they were finished. The congregation removed to the new chapel. Mr, acmes purchased the old one at a high price 1 and entered into possession. "And then," I said, "I suaPose he got the jewels (1" Blanco Watson laughed. "No," he said, "he did not. He broke up the floor laimself, counted the steps duo north from the tree again, and dug. He did not find the jewels. ele counted, the steps again and dug deep- er. He did not find them. Then he tried other places, but, although he kept on until he had tried everywhere beneath' the floor, he never foetid the jewels." "Why, what had become of them'?" "I cannot say. It is possible that when the foundation was being laid a workman had discovered and ap- propriated, the. Again, 1(1 18 possible that there were two trees of similarly curious, growth, and that the one out- side the chapel was not the 0110 Mr. Jones first saw. Again-" "And, what has the story to do with the publicehouse? But I can guess." "Of course you can, Mr. Jones was very angry with the chapel members. He considered that by false pretenses. they had led him into buying the old chapel dearly and building the 11015 one cheaply. He resigned his deacon- ship, and then sought a way to be re- venged on them. He found one, On the site of the old chapel he built a public-. hottse-t his public -house in which we have sat so long. THE QUEEN'S HINDOO ATTENDANTS In the days of Roman Empire the Caesars brought captive to the Ster- ne!. City, Princes and potentates of their conquered °enemas. The lot of the eaptivea are not alwaya a happy a free outlet. Lay tile underdrains sentenced to seven years' penal ser- wliere needed. Drain thoroughly., 'Keep the road solace clry. leeep the earth under" "Bill behaved very well in prison, neath the surface dry. and at the end of five years was re - estimates. These are presen e -- Iegislatuirs ance if approved by that Impeoved machinery is as necessary body, 50 per cent. of the cost of con- for good and economical world aa are self -binders and steam -threshers. struction is paid by the state. The New Jersey Iligaiway law pee- Brateloy one man to take charge of vides that on the petition of the ownersthe meollineree He will become ex - of two-thirds of the land borderingperienced and do better and cheaper on ' a road,, the state Commissioner of work. Public Roads will cause the road to The same teams should be always 001' be impraved in accordanee with plans Ployed to operate the graders. They and specifications prepared by hare sub- ject to tihe approval al the Legislature. The owners of the land affected by the improvement pity one-tenth of the cost; the county pays six -tenths; and. the statebh t Comnecticut has introduced a plan of highway improvement providing for the appointment of three state com- missieners. When El township votes in favor of constructing a road under the provisions at the abate Highway Act, specifications aro prepared and submit- ted to elle state oommissiciners. 11 (1(0 commission approwes, the townsbip rou.noil lets oontraots for the week, to be performed. under the supervision of the state commissionses. One-third of the cost is paid by the state; one - bleed by the county; and ene-therd by the township. The expeadittere by the state in tine wey is limited to 870,000 composmoN Tin AVERAGE ROAD. -Cross-section. Daily grievol is dropped on the roads without further ereetment. The stones are toned down into the mud, and the mud comes to the surface. become accustomed to the work and give better service. The State of Rhode laland has ap- Do not cover an old gravel road with pointed a commissioner of highways. sod and earth from the skies of the When a council. represents 10 1110 omra road. Turn this earth and. sod out- ward and rase the centre with new gravel. Adopt every means to seoulre a bard, emo.th, waterproof teorface, ))o not let, stones roll loosely on the rod Do not lee ruts remain. They make travelling difficult, and spoil the road by holding water. Makeesr. srepairs es soon as elle detec appt Use wide tires. Improve the drainage ciE the hills. Make the crown of the roadway higher than on level grout& Change the location of the road if a steep hill can be avoided, Do t101.; 0150 wood foe culeerts. Use concrete, vitrified pipe er stone. Do not baild wooden bridgee. Use iron, stone or concrete. Build good roads, The lend. missamer the need tor improeing a Der- tain road, an examination is made by him If he considers theNvorlt nacos- sere, be prepares plans, specifications and eselmates; and reports to the mun- icipalities affected, also to the state leg- islature as to the proportion in whioll the expense Should be met by the state end the municipalities benefited. If the state legislature approves the work Is performed by eorieracia Vermont and. California also coneri- bete largely in the form of state mite while Inclianne, 'Kentucky and others contribute to a less degree. Only the here outlines of the systems have been stated., 3511(11 11116 object of -showing the prominence the question of reed im- provement has attained of recent yeitrs, adopted wLthin the past five years, In adopted within the past five yeaes, 111 all these systemasafegeards are pieced to prevent the expendintre exceeding, fox any state or any locality, certain teasoneble accerding to require- ments end ability to Mee the TAP" mettles, tn most of these Oates the tea is so levied that elm fawns and cities pay the greater pereloa of the cost of state real construction; for ee- enples, in the State of New York it is estimated that the people ontede of 1310 teen eee, , Mistaken in lets Mene-Wallace--Ap(i diet you make hi01 e.tel: his words e Iler- greavee-No. Ile kerma out to be one of those fellows who would rather flight leased on a Liokeleof-leave. He de- cideca to wait until the ticket had ex- pired, and then get the jewels and leave the country. I3ut a day or two after his release he walked out 14 look at the field. "There was no field. During the five years he had been in prison the estate of which the field was part had been builla upon. He wandered about the houses in despair. But, as he turned a corner, he saw something whith sug- gested hope. Behind some railings was o tree ol eurious • th "It was the tree twenty steps due north( of which he had buried the jew- els, He recognized it. immediately, and ran toward. ie. Again be was in de- spair. A yard oe two north of the tree was a, chapel, and the jewels were wider the chapel. He leaned against the railings, covering his face with his hands. "It happened presently that the head demon oe the chemel, a kindly old man, came down the road. He saw Bill standing like one in trouble, and stopped) and asked what was the man ter and whether he could help. "For a Kew moments Bill did not know what to reply, but then he spoke web. He said that once he lied been a burglar, but that he had learned in prison that huiglary 18 wrohg; that now be was trying to live an honest life, but that, as he had no friends, (1 15,03 not easy. "The old man was touched. He had found 13111 leaning against: the chap- el railings, and Bill had. sold that he had, no friends. . Was it not his day as head deacon of the chapel to be a friend to 13i11? Clearly it was. "Ile:took Bill home with hiin; he Wee a, bathelor, eta there eves 130 one to restrain bis benevolence. They had romper and talked together. The (Mae con found Bill intelligent: and fairly web educated, and offered him em- ployment. He WSS a bulkier in the neighborhood, he explained, and had o vacancia in the works, Bill grate- eully accepted the offer, and began his new career en the following Mon- day. "Wreaths passed, Bill had (hanged wonderfully. HO bad forgotten his old habits and keened BOW ones, The demon was delighted. Not only 3511.3 Bill the best of his workmen, but he was the most; regular atemotane at the chimet. "Bill longed for the jewel:4, and ho worked ailed became he knew that Money would help hiM to get the jewels, the seat ila 11114 lateen thing just esventy steps due north from the tree. At first he lied meditated dig. ging down through the floor rho aight, but the charms of detection HOW NELSON HUNTED FLEETS. TWO Tears Furring a Trafalgar and The 111011111,4 Catching Bonaparte. Lord Nelson was the greatest and most successful admiral the world pro- duced, down to the days of steam pow- er, yet on more than one 000001011 1(5 let bis enemy slip pest and lead him a heart-rending chase for months before a blow could be struck. 13onaparte's expedition for the con- quest of Egypt and the Orient had been organizing for many months at Toulon. On May 9, 1798, Nelson sailed with a flying squadron 1 from Gibraltar to scout off the French port and ascertaiu. the mission of the French Nest. But; the enemy cleaned him completely, left Toul- on with Bonaparte's army and disap- peared at sea with Nelson none the wis- er Cor having appeared in the .Gulf of Lyons. Reinforced by ten ships of the line ',Tolson started in parsait. But he kept missing the French fleet. He called at Alexandria in Egypt, bat no French ship woe there. Then he, chased off to Syracuse, but still no enemy. Finally alter about three months of vain per- ' suit he emend. on August 1 off Alex- • 'wedeln, agam, and there he beheld the object of Ins search vele in kir Bay. The army of Bonaparte had been saltily landed. The complete de- struction of 110. erench fleet followed., however, and the ultimate ruin of the Egyptian campaign was assured. The canmetge of Trafittgae, perhaps the most memorable in naval histoey, was infinitely more trying to the pae dente of both NOISOU and the lenglish people than any before it. The llritish admiral blockaded Toulon, svheee the preach fleet was Biting fee sea, 0 full year and a halt, and in all that time not ones did he touch foot on (.115 1011(1, And bow were habispelonnevearacinnue:ryatile.d vigilance roverd? 1805 the enemy broke away and swept off to sea, IL effected a junction with the Spanish fleet at Cadiz, which Nel- son had determined to prevent, Then the allied tome sailed to the West In- dies with Nelson in pursuit. The chase continued beak to Europe again, with- out success, and Nelson thereupotl left his ship and returned temporarily to England. It was not until October 5, , 1008, over eight months after the French tome had eneeped from Toulon harbor that Nelsen finally met its and the Spanish tellies in battle oft Cape ' Trafalgar, MUMTAZ HUSAIN, The Queen Indian Chef, or contented one, though some of them, it Is recorded, established rela- tions in Rome, which advanced them to high positions of honor about. the Caesars. Some such idea or a develop- ment would appear to apply to the Hindoo attendants of the Empress of India, and our Gracious Queen. She has et the present time three Indian at- tendants, who look to her personal comfort, and a chef over the Eastern kitchenwhich is called into use when distinguished visitors from India go to London, The Oriental department of RATHER 1 Magistrate (to the aeoneed)- It tip - pears that: you gave the plaintiff a bleak aye? Prisoner -Yes, year worship, hut t'm quite prepared, to give hen hell a sovereign as 00mpensa t km, Magistrate (10 plainnfa-aou, tear what the defendant. save! Are you willing to accept he halfasovereign? Plaint Irt (eeerisely)-Rether ((1', the detendante, Come outside, Old chap, andi black the other eye .ABOUT TIODERN SHARPNEL ITS OVERWHELMING EFFECT In!ON. A BODY OF TROOPS, moo elappenesi eftwit a slow Orielectlie Suddenly morels Into 33013 Illatitared Plerea- First Used In the 1111 1113 • Ser. vire. One of the most effeetave of modern proeectilee is the shrapnel. It is OBEI of the Perms o feast shot. The °there of the forms of ease shot. The inhere( were the old-fashioned, grape and Gana( eter. A. ease shot may be said to be 0/ collection of miesiles in a ease, while& breaks um, either In the gun or at some point in flight, thus setting free Its death dealing particles. • soon a stile case is brokeneach of these partielee goes 011 a separate path, and it's a sorry day for the man struck by one of therm A.11 of the -A falling, upon a piece of level ground would mark out an irregular oval, whose area varies with atfferiag• comilleensIt bee leen found that the best point to burst the shrapnel is about six yards above an cl.Tfifty innR.Awfroint ofstthye e enem uif s Colonel Shrapnel, of the British sere vice, first invented shrapnel in isoa4 This early form consisted simply of a/ spherical shell filled with bullets and re bursting charge of powder in the space% between. This was a crude invention which scattered the fragments deo much and wa enable to go off when' not expected and, not to do so Munk desired. This form was improved up- on, and the modern shrapnel can be considers dthe most, dangerous of all life destroying projectiles. It consists of three parts-ehe tube, the base and the head. The powder charge is in the base, which is firmly attached to the body either by eleotric welding or by, screwing. needing from the base through the mare of the body is tube which is also filled with powder, which is ignited by the fuse at, the point of the shrapnel ao dcarries the • fire to the main charge. Betweent wo hundred and three Inmdred bullets rest, uoon a diaphragm just over the powe der charge. These are held in place by, ' a matrix of rosin which is melted and peered upent he bullets when in place. . A. skeleton oas eof cast iron contain, ing receptacles for each bullet is somee times used instead of the rosin. The head is put en in the same mans ner est he base, and when the fu.se is inserted the projeotile is ready for use. Some shrapnels have the bursting charge in the head instead of the base, The fu.se used is rather complicated. It its a time fuse and in actual test has show -n its reliability. These fuses are slight modifications of those used a few years ago. MUNSIII ABDUL KARIM. The Queen's Indian Seeretary. the Royal household is in charge of her private Indian secretary, Hafiz Habdial Karim, who belongs to a good family at Agra, and has been in Her Majesty's service since the jubilee year, 1887, discharging his duties faithfully and well. The Queen speaks and reads Hindustani with consider- able pronclency, and she also shows devotion to Indian art. Nothing gave the Indino cavalry officers who form ed a guard of honor to the Queen in the diamond jubilee procession last year more pleasure than he fact that they received their jubilee medals from her own hands. AN INTELLIGENT SHEDP DOG. would goo tbr Ills Baider and Drive 'them to n Secluded Place. The Collie is a wonderful dog, the most intelligent and faithful of the race. I will tell you an anecdote illus- trating the eageoity of this friend of the shepherd and his flock -thorough- ly ituthentic, but marvelous beyond be- lief. It was long the custom in the Scottish Highleacts, says Sheep Breeder, to mark the sheep by impressing- with a hot iron a certain letter upon their faces. The shepherds of Tweeddele had fOr a tang time( been missing a few of the choicest oe their Clocks, and one day a black -fared ewe returned to her lamb from beyond the river, with the letter 0 burnell lover the T that was hofitscoumputainnalelieof iFhienmmththeo eflitujotaiebneoly* ooft her owner's brand. A farmer living in a wild and secluded glen, shut in by crag and mountain, where the mist came down like darkness and the eagle seresamece above the cataraet, was ITS HIGH COST. It can readily be seen that one great objection to the shrapnel is its high cost. The 11.156 alone costs about $2.50. The same gun is usually supplied with three styles of ammunition-ethe solid shot, the shell and the shrapnel. Soma batteries are also supplied with °anise ter for use at close quarters. The bule lets in the canister have a wider die: persion, because the case breaks up bo tileThgewishell is used, to destroy inaninee ate °Weds as well as animate ones. It consists of a, hollow cast iron shell. with a tine read burs(Ing charge of powder. The famous shot fired during the cutting of the cables at Cieufuegoa 18 a good example of its use. The Space inrds having taken refuge in and 130-i hind a light/Mine, a shell was tired, which striking it fairly, burst and un, terly deetroyedt he structure, killing terly destroyed he etre/eters, killing many of tbe soldiers. ADVANTAGE AGAINST ANIMATE OBJECTS ALONE. But against men in battle formation: the shrapnel is the mor eeffeotive. 1(1 seeds a perfect shower of missiles which, falling in the midst of a come pany, would almost annihilate it. Manyi tests have been made to show this. &refines fired from a gum a mile away in one instance, and a mile and; two-thirds in the other, were made to strike a board. target one inch thiok, The fares were set off by the contact, and burst the projectile into two or three hundred parts, each of which was capableof dealing death to any living. thing in its path. Screens were placed, at indicated distauces from the target. Theee may be considered as represent- ing a battalion of infantry in column known to use the letter 0 as his "Mtn." The glen Was searched and 960 stolen sheep recovered. ;He confessed his crimes teed was executed in the eity of Ediltebetrgh �en 177a, 'Upon' the pre- letenee of buying he would visit the teetee of 'buying be would visit the flocks in the vale of Tweed, accompani- ed by his Collie Yarrow, and point out throe sheep that ho a•ished him to drive home, Then he would ride oft to his own gloa, passing through every ham- let; and calling nt every inn on the wey. Yarrow, coneeitled on some 13111- 51(0 among the heather, would wait for the darkness to come aad hide his evil deeds trona the light of the sun ; then he would select every sheep that his meet& Mut painted out to him and darive them rapidly by u.nfrequented paths aver mountain and moor 1.0 his 01511 (teak glen, before the weather gleam of the eastera hills began to be tinged with the brightening dawn. There the "hire was cariceled by the letter 0 119. 011 eneloeure in the hollow of a hill/ Yarrow keeping faitbufl guard outside, and never failing to notify his master of the approaeh oe strangere. A snxsusn MAN. NeighboreaT hear your huabatid has had his life instinct tor a, large meant. Mrs. Sourenee'13c has, has ho Just like him. Gone off and insured dime self for a. fortune, and be hasn't ine Mina me for a penny, atton may be ,judged. In one shot 153 hits were merle by a, single shrapnel. In another 915 hits are recorded, but these are not so well scattered.. Imagine, then, the effect Of a well placed shrapnel apon &group, of men.eueli as is here represented. The reader can readily understand why wars are now waged at greater distances and why hand to hand con- flate aro almost unheard of. It is re- pelled that the shrapnel of the British'. sunply annihilated the hordes of der- vishes during the recent advance up the Nilo. Napoleon said that Provid- eace is on the side of the heavier batta- lions. Battalions are heavier by rea- son not only Of more men. but in haw ing better armement-ifor instance, e bountiful supply of shrapnel. I1E HAI) FORGOTTEN SOMETHING/ X say, catea, said a little -eyed man, es he landed from, a Mersey steamboat on the Birkenhead side of the river, say. repel, this 'ere Mu% all. That's all the luggage you brought on board, sir, replied the captain. Well. see mew, it's aeconlin' to list - four boxes, three chests, two ban' box- es, a portmaray, two hams, one peat • cat, three ropes of ingens one a tea • kettle, but ten duberaton. I feel there's something Alert thotigh, I've ecetnted 'eni nine tillta$, and neeer Leek . me' eye; 011 001 while oe Weed. Thiele§ something not right. steneheW, ' 'Well, sir, titee's up, There's all kuow al; so bring Kt your wife and tive children out of ten cabin, and we're • oft for Setteorthe, Thein's ton 1 blow it, Chemed UM I he exclaitned. 1 knowed X foraot somethiag. -e.