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HomeMy WebLinkAboutThe Wingham Advance-Times, 1982-01-27, Page 02;;. I a ��.Vlpg ,� 4x.v Advatice-Tunes, January 27, 1982 1. ',� -:., 1.11 ,. . t 4*I ;� + •` i Y rye 1 A ,,.4 , i�. I3 K9I ',4 , % -,t, t t F 3i i !)I ' IQ. '3 4.. ,..m' ry P• • , „ �'F' . •v , •m _ . j sl +, M '.F4 M1 ` A -,' 4• A T,r, M OaY 'I r , t 1. +".! }I 5 '.r: '.� r :,. ,.�.,/. a t„ : ty. f.: p. P Y� l..f ., _ } - .. - ,r.p,`}.�•a ,.t yl". '� ti: - '•L _ . ".r ,� `f' . t. - ,r 6f 7 a., , I Y o I .1 1. . t,. h y. # n ,. ,�fir'm pp SC f.:. , 1 . A ..� .. , s1., a.; 7 t .. 1 .�:"" d.., ,,.,,".. i -, -1 Y , k "11, an. ,. r d;...t. 0 ,� wu r „r ♦ ysFV�!ry��p d ..i .. ...4r ;m r a f m UH. a �'�' ! i' 1'1�Gi.4tJA?'s", # ' k ' A t f,�Qltrti" ". ���M1!"t,7F'ni' tit Y. ,. . ..• "t no -it RA a. t regarding alternative ower Planning ba k in 1975- QzA r with ' ,Otis tnrla Itit1 wtnta>"lals n0 harmful �cl la1lTOWEL — Farm group g ng er P ntnng f ♦�. A,, pi{�p4�/��n n�► ,vf u Qt }� yap 1 dyY K R'+h [l8e t'.8111i`Aal>11fI1 iaR^hF Hu y�t�4TM4aMT . e rOsentatives with the systems was approved by a 76 and at Chat time had t a � , r -. , l , 2 S? w' . ? CecltraI (Listowel) Working vote of seven for, two against requested a clear definition s $y"fi r Er A oita t , do ' ;latlo>G#. ' ... i&l1�Ch'i±tY' al a con Huron CQIlIJty # 0 planning. , ., '" idM l lett st lt0;t. `Prof d oi, dorsed Sydle+ fi":,. .�. ,ieoup told Ontario Hydro and two abstentions.of Hydr p a 'r. in Opposing the motion were The Motion rr: .,`iW5l( 111ie's t1R11111ah. it1tQ# technocracy art. mendation staff members at their f al ppo g Xe �, , i >�►4i1 I I r cf1 ` " l h • - P10' Mian is how can We ecause "C044 •;. session11 here on Jan. 20, they Reeve Haberer and Mr. The motion summarizing°' b 11 ., ..,; t `'.' a` y5 , ti thought it,o .,. could not accept any of six Timlock and abstaining were alternatives as put forward ,. L a z „S, ,- ,1. 'a!f 4 4 ,,, ' l �tsl'ne It(K Ive o.QI►trol of energy back ver. K forward b Don Kaufman, representing b the representatives of ' lli YgedA j gll to'more., le, We believe tlftr alternatives putf y P Y. P y s PBoR ly and thQuglitt a a," the Re conal uteri it of various farm or aruzations ' ��Itj}11jaer t Il► tit agriCt#ltult°8 as a deceit- Southwestern. qP r,, Hydro for getting power g M pal y g ,� ; . , 1 Waterloo and Heather was drafted at the meeting R , a:: k K►d' .that 9r .,: tt`n#tZed system off food pro' have the torridPr*•" �,.: + . from the Bruce Nuclear � t :.. y nt NP- Brown of the County of b Ton McQuail of RR 1, �11ir�1«l! # T t„ii` S11A't�y, dttttion is the 1t8alEhlfieset �•To have pnkf�rl0i'„ ° k'' _ �, t! ,tklinl[ thAt system for us and we cats Power Development (B o .. Y Y , ,,, ill M a a he°,6si+d; Wel netted is very tmpm't D) into Southwestern On- Perth. � ' Lucknow, representing the fir:+ a ty:',. .. lI ,,, . Kaufmafr stated he Huron Count Federation of �, ' i., ratio. Mr. Y � ; .s . > , :. :' !ouis idt&Icen n shouldn't be just the whole iso really. $...... q ?, ,:�.: ; s 5 � , II[11DrIG' �� lriuusly �e ��Rmt traliiatiQthink In voicing their'opposition, had abstained because he g l benefit us. l ec Agriculture. h ' M , 4, �i A�"h�a�S,+ `s' i hall aS „ • farmers said the six alter- was at the meetings as an , Unlike -, Huron County "' t'(n �, �,,•.` Wtlh.. Sb11[►e other as productive and equally far _ .. _ u,,... h_ -Ad-a ;a ��." °'6 v ° alternait"fires: su ' :a the health remarko nate routes are in fart c -iv chs—ver. 11--- �-- --- aaauVU i,•ouneil which approved the t Y Ih®'reeve t';;,:. _ ; � � � ,a � $1 1,1K- lt-yfR -6 -iniearation_" Another View. uninterrupted • different ways of doing the that he agreed with the proposed installation of a , ; ;0-,W ----- _ pted _ but net .. "` Christian Farmers, he Notin tnai n® rad attes►d „_�„� , 1. same thing", that is putting position as stated by 'farm 500,(100 -volt transmission line w ' ` + of cnauklel t d ° additions! power into South- representatives. I�etween SNPD and a new t �' said,.,are opposed to further ed only one other meeting .,1 think after ' t ;�--' ' western Ontario and com- In summing up the ,transformer station in the .4. - 2 " + eacPaihsioq of thea Bruce the Listowel Working Group, Mr. Chaff mall (fir. .,' pleting the 500 kV grid. • meetings of the Listowel London area, running . k :�{ generating; station. "'Go with Reeve Fred Haberer of speech, you can url(k"tAild. >i. "That tcom letin the Workin Grou Dr. Pleva throe h Huron Count the h ��'. w1a f now operative, he Zurich, past warden of Pleva), y �, p g g p, g Y, ,.�° x the concerns ol`agrlculture; ;. 't. i ,;, . ,L s'i ) « `` advised Hydro- officials. Huron County, had an oppos „ . grid) is something we cant noted the contribution' of the Huron County Federation of , 1, pat Daunt of Wallace �, live with," Elbert van members had been con- Agriculture has opposed �� y� `Why dp you want to do 1t Ing view: 1,;, Donkersgoed, representing si.tferable. While other Hydro's proposal. P tl t in 230 kV. rather than 500 "Some off these alter- Township said• skagree "That speech (by peeve° . y �. ', °1 the C4ristian Farmers working groups, had con- ,Hydro's recommendation x "' V'-, asked Mr. Bayne, natives I can't really g �r' Federation of Ontario, said tributed a total of 25 hours also calls for.ariother 500,000s ,„ ; E . "what advantage would that are sensible," he said. "For hiaberer), says betted than the volt line joining the r sed have.. some of you, like Tony (Mc- anything we can s+3s� about '{ . bluntly. each in seven meetings, j g p opo its "It's, the big loo term Quail) I think it (generation) society not being sensitive to Besides representing the Listowel group, he said, had new London station with the g g WORKING GROUPS®The Listowel Working Group has completed its meetings with issue at stake," Mr. van is more of a hobby than the needs of agriculture , • •1-1 �; '• Christian Farmers' W. Van put in 35 hours in six Middleport transformer Ontario Hydro regarding the selection of a route to get power from the Bruce Donkersgoed replied. "At anything else, but I can't see no ` one is ' represe . tisrg ' Donkers oed co-chaired the meetings. station south of Hamilton.. g P Y g ,.,"s. g Generating Station into Southwestern Ontario., The group refected ell six Hydro our recent provincial board it as an alternative for socie agriculture and =Why meetings of . the Listowel The time contributed, said The lenit!o •of the two lines is . "alternatives" as being six different ways of doing the same thing. Above Hydro meeting, it was our decision ty„ we have to do it ourselves." hen Working Group along with Dr. Pleva, was reflected in- about 300 km. Dr. Edward Plevaof the the quality and `will be, I'in Hydro announced on Oct. engineer Jim Bayne (left) discusses a route with Elbert van Donkersgoed, a that we do not want to see the Reeve'iiaberer said he is Mr. Daunt said that w Huron -Erie Land -Use Stu- sere, reflected in the input on 29, 1981 that it hoped to have representative of the Christian Farmers Federation of Ontario and the co-chairman of completion of that 500 kV concerned about "what to do it comes to planning, i*00e dices Group Rt#iELUS). a whole." the new transmission system the meetings; at one of the meetings. (Staff Photo) grid," with our young people in is more, concerned than the x - "real alternatives" to �. Comparing the Listowel in operation by 1988, when all "Why," asked Mr. Bayne. Huron County, for jobs ybu local people who a.ttemp- �i�,r' Hydro's six route alter- group with other working four units from the Bruce B "First of all there's the need a certain amount of.. ting to do theirawnplanaing, ," r ' farm re resen- grou s throughout South= station will be in service. The whole underpinning of the light in • .. I can't go but are stytnbed by govern- ," to natives, 1� ;. P P with small scale cogenera- deal with uncertain station?" Mr. Bayne asked. proposed picture of South along with no light meat which doesn't want to tatives recommended that western Ontario, Dr. Pleva capital cost of the recom tion as a supply option to re- demand Mr. McQuail said, Mr, van bonkers oed said do it. ,. g ., PP Y P g western Ontario by the year industry. �. existing 230 kV lines be built said, I think the difference _ mended plan is about $350 solve the roblems relating "afYd this is where con- he wasn't suggesting estin y Y Reeve Haberer said he had `That sir, is precisely it — :,, P g8 . g 2000 that Hydro has. The ..�, : up, or additional 230 kV lines isethat this group is .a very million in 1981 dollars. „ `- be built and that Hydro important specialized The recommended plan to supply in Southwestern servation shines. anything at the moment, but see London as being twice as not heard "any real objet nobody is looking after the „ Ontario and interconnection The representative of the was trying to get answers. big Kitchener -Waterloo as hon" to what is happening in interests of farmers- Nobody generation be decen- ° 'group." has been submitted to the •• "Dan'l misunderstand Ministr of the Environment capability with Michigan, Huron County Federation of He thep asked Hydra if the being twice as big We .. Bruce• is looking after it We have tW , tralized Y Agriculture said he agrees pro sed cable across Lake ° fx The - recommendations me," the co-chairman ad- for' .review under the En- "We would also suggest g P Po cant 'let that happen. that ,,If I were a reeve of a land use studies, but nolxtdy I., '' from farm representatives dei, "they (other groups): vironinental Assessment that consideration be given with a finding of the Porter Erie would change the kind of hip must there (Bruce), I will stand behind them- With Commission that the aspect picture as far as in- t°wnshrp zoning, we, want it zoned for ,x�" were made ate-. the sixth were not meek and mild — in Act. Public hearings on the to: not be allowed to happen think I would encourage it g .' meeting of the Listowel, fact we haft quite a heated plan began Tuesday in 1. Using a cable frorri of conservation has not been terconnection's are con- because of the enormous and I would certainly object agriculture, but we can't get :• Working Group. The only argument at the meeting'in Stratford. Bruce to Michigan; given enough consid'eration.' cerned. potential it will have on it through. That is �nds- S Speaking' personally, Mr. "No," Mr. Bayne replied, Po I felt would eventually be 7° members of the group London. But in most of the Once a system plan has 2:' Siting generation with,, P• g P Y, Yn P' foodlands. Our trade-off is harmful to ageiculture . , . Y why we re making stag ' 1, voicing a different. opinion other -groups, agriculture been approved, Hydro will demand — particularly McQuail 'said that when he "Why not?" said Mr. van that we can not support . ' . were Reeve Fred of ',,had only .a minority voice." return to. the public to seek smaller scare dispersed- tried to get information in Donkersgoed. increased energy self- I'll Zurich who is also the past Dr. Pleva added, assistance in determining facilities; 1973 on how to make his own "Because the cable is to sufficiency in lieu of food I—, '� ':I'': warden of Huron ' County, "Agriculture has , a strong specific locations for the new 3. The possibility of home more �energy� efficient get. power to Pennsylvania production self�sufficiency." f„ he could od find one book and to New Jersey, and �. , and Gerald Tiimlock, statetnent . to make and I facilities. upgrading an existing 230 to �' Mr. van Donkersgoed on the subject, "and that was Maryland," the 'engineer IN .' , Associatibn of Municipal think possibly this group has ,"Farm groups• have an- 500 kV •lime; „ noted that -increased popula I` Electrical Utilities.: repre- given as good a , statement nouncedr the form tion of an 4. Impact of reducing from St►uthern California said, tion b ' with itcotters- �' "Now," he said, "there "Do they not have in- �. ?'ng1°g °` ' tentative of Waterloo. from agriculture as Hydro is - umbrella group, ufhe committed. generatioe, at ' „ must be at least 50 books on t e rc o n n e c t i•o n s with ed pollution will harm i4='• A. motion .tabled by. the ' going to get. Foodland-Hydro Committee,. BNPD and getting power out �„ ' agriculture as. well as in- ?; • . ^ ' ' Dr. J. L. Sullivan, also a to work with the Ontario of Bf&b using 230"kV. We the market. Michigan.. asked Mr. van .. > Mr. McQuail suggested Donkersgoed. creased industrialization. 11 � - member' of the HELUS 'Coalition to Preserve also feel that in any „ y , "The pressure 'to-' i'n- s y= smaller eneration units of No they don't, Mr. P M' group who acted as the of- Foodland and the Canadian discussion of these systems, $ , ,:. , dustrialize around Bruce is ficial secretary for the E n v i r o n m e n t a I Law we should also, lock at not Perhaps 20 megawatt power Bayne said. • enormous and where. there is, could be maws produced and I m not so sure that's our 11 ,1 working groups, said he had ' Association to present the. , completing the? 500 kV .. more waste heat, there will ' ' )' • : • ' enjoyed the whole process of concerns of agriculture at because of fuf are -in broaght thonn,gg quicker and be problem, Mr van „ 4 I the Hydro worki groups s more fle#tihdli? that' Hydro's . Donkersgoed observed. be More pressure' Y ng' g uP the Stratford hearings. dustrialization; resen rogcam• ,of ; ten- While farm grou have Mr.. ion DonkeT3goed said ,LLL . . formed to participate in the . The motion as drafted by 5. Not completing the 500. P 1 h? , I t u f trali�' on,:, an ' fiof`'pi=otes�ted"therotiui3ed tlat additional pmlrer will br- Y 11:^ 1fOUzTR1ED To,' sere t n of a''' Hydro route" ' �,," 1V 4ua�. 'reflects; ithe k'V grid in prime foodlands a 'e n it, a tioirail"�r4 Wy . j,Z; ° .F +� . additional 3I11t0 lira watts. cable conntetion across►, 4l I , QJIT SMOiCIIYG plan for getting power from positioii'far groups will put because of future develop .;.�:e ' her{ which in turn will bring i' BNPD into Southwestern We, doh!,t 'need} that 3,000 Lake Erie, the $650 million �s� . AND FAILED... forward at a hearings. meat impacts; •� McQuail cable; capable of carrying a increased industry. Ontario. for,2 ears, _. DONT GIVE WP -11 „ g The Listowel-Wor'k�in g sequenses of a lar con said. ' in the meet' Peak load of 1200 MW has ,,In terms of the pressure, 11 I. found it an .'exciting g large scale the additional 500 'kV is not `r�' "For information on the new experience and this group Group believes for the future centralized power system on ung he been criticized by en 'i .. ' was the most.excit' of the ad questioned Hydro ofd vironmentalists for the acceptable to us in the 1,1111, Y11 .'•FREEDOM FROM SMOKING" security of our society. a, the democratic structure. of h, q Y - foodland area. The concept 4 ` self -Help quit -Smoking plan lot," Dr. Sullivan observed. major concern must be the our soeiet " ficials about the long term amount of acid rain it will J Y- of completing the grid is not comate:.. HURbWPERTH'.; The HELUS' roe , he said, resentatioti of they%odland Decentralization - aspects of present planning. produce.. LUNG:ASSQIiIATION Was thin second pgroup to'. capability of 'Southwestern In voicing his alternative policy. Power.for the cable will be acceptable.' It's like the 40T g — nobody wants to tally 1 * &Wwe,t00reStreet appear before the Porter P Mr. Me "What assurances. are produceA by coal -fuelled . " .. st►atroro wsn,�• PP. Ontario. For this reason 'we system plan, about it; but that highway I. • • 1 ' Teieghone.27+-7500 Commission on Electric have serious reservations made; a. stro plea for `there that the, long ,berm . plants -and, experts say it n , �,, • • •. . • demand will be Ithere . tri ZO could result' in an additional had a massive influence on ,, . about accepting as desirable smaller ' decentralized s? OPEC EOrganiiation S0 000 tonnes of acid gas how things developed." „,- - any of the six (Mi — M6) ,generation units. Quoting year ''But'S00 kV is more effi- - proposed (Hydro) systems from a hydro study, he said, of Petroleum Exporting Tieing released into the at- ,. Countries) is staining to cut mosphere each year. tient," cut in Mr. Bayne. because of their assumptions "from" now on it, will be "I don't need those CANADIAN about growth in South- cheaper to save' a wall` than , their world prices, and' h oW .Mr. van Donkersgoed I ',, - �+ do we know'there isn't likely hiowever' wondered that if it arguments," Mr. van .l:' . PROPANE western Ontario. • to generate it". Donkersgoed replied. "Our . . to be alternate energy is economical to build, a blem is not the space • Ont working group would "We have to make sure . `. sources?" ,. cable across Lake Erie to 1>m tV: and recommend that Ontario .projections are. accurate, or .. under the towers. We can ( . ;.h' ; " ' -. Hydro''examine the potential at least t to, , increase J. P. Bayne, Hydros • supply Pennsylvania, wound po try s u e r v i sing n 1 a. n n Ln it not be possible to. build a live with that. When you �� ����� C�@V ����'. for conservation coupled flexibility of the system to F g P g P et to the actual " engineer for b wet cable to power from (Hyl) g - �_.,,_ route stage, . you'll not see gy: tra.nsmission,'system 'Bruce to Michigan. ro Y f: A teaVn that'has a`sensible approach : •• • touch of .us. We are now get- 4 planning division, replied . • I dont know, its a to cutting down. your fuel costs! „::, that it was impossible for question that has occurred to ting reasonable compensa- . , ,F.,, V� ,;k tion for the individual taking ILL.. , . Hydro to give any . us (Christian Farmers), he , - Propane is NOT subject to �' .1,t :` I id. . the impact What we are assurances said. , � . � a• market situation it Cant Happen concerned about is what's ,.In a hat's Filllflll� ��,, happening to us and w _ M '. Pre��ncsel Rssa� �82S�B. , , s� s� rr� �slr>",,r isn't only the market Regarding conservation PPe . g " ti , ry projections we have to wort Mr. Bayne told Mr. McQuail going to happen ...I'll lake t� k" ,r P J y a few , more 230 towers to �z,,. If you purchase a r�evtr or used vehicle t about but the whole political that "one of the most ef- , ,. y „ P " generation to get rid of loo r� �fec'tive -means of con- g g +, r �' i, , F,, for arm or .commercial use: >3 situation. . '• Mr. Bayne stressed that servation' is to .unload term pressure to in - P 9 1. There is no Provincial Sales Tax. 4, 4 x N "i fi x± 6 Hydro has, three con- heavily loaded transmission dustrialize." Mr. Bayne's reply that. :' ¢� F _ i , siderations:' maintaining ' f �� �`y 1 interconnections, supplying lines. By unload, the' resent P "surely this is where local . . 2. A Federal Rebate of $400 is also , x Hydro's own loads and , lines from =Bruce, he zoning bylaws come into ef- . i; Applicable" ( `figuring holy much more x suggested the loss in power "And feet," brought a roar of derisive laughter from g ° `) if convert your present vehicle, the $400 ` w . we have to spend to ship �� �3 / ,� . � ti ��' another 1 000 megawatts". could be cut by 50 MW. that's equai to the peal: load , Listowel area farm At • ,+ , you, rebate is applicable. j, °Asked about Hydro's of a city the size of Strat- representatives. A section in the North ca...��h' `"`iei' - For more information come into11 present capabilities to 2000 megawatts to ford." "The biggest way to cut Perth Planning Act (encom Trust �e ° � Cullen• Chev Olds ,' „,supply r " the United States, Mr. Bayne losses is to have the, Source passing the townshlpa of Elma Wallace) believe it's ' ' •�* John replied "We don't have the near the load," cut in Pat and pro- important to to t' i An Authorized Service Centre for ICG, ca abilit to et a full 2,000 ,3 Capability g Daunt, ''representing the , C t t 1 n s hibiting the constructio:t of new transmission .linea or. have a choice of . i $ ? I with 3 Qualified SGA Mechanics to I (MW) to the border now and supply ourselves. Ontario a e m e Association. .. other than road allowances �ri Retirement Sa . Service What We Sell!, 9d ! 15, `' "To maintain ability to His', observations were in agricultural zones, has' Plans Th ,,vh' � at _ b i 1 Josephine St., Ingham .� _ _ 35 7-2323 . r li supply 2,000, we don't just supported by I.lgyd Willett of National Farmers been opposed by Ontario Hydro and disallowed by the offer two -was to inves Y invest 'g T ' ' .. y.: have to look at capability,"' ob- the Union. Mr. Willert of RR 1, Ontario Ministry of Housing, Ifoor retirement savl<n , :' " aC Mr. van Donkersgoed served. "To what extent is ` Dashwood, says his for Revisions of the section are still being negotiated. A Savings Plan Hydro looking at additional organization has realized 11 I _. generation to solve the some time that the proposed Mr. van Donkersgoed's , orat• iv • ANADA r Problem?" new line from Bruce to presentation of the positiont®1v� A One Year Term l �,if .a . .. I . Mr. Bayne replied •'that London is not for the benefit w e Christian all Farmers was endorsed by all farm �t1a11`�1/tf � InVE'gtil ent Certificate ,.- 1,11 `, ® with load growth forecast in • the two to 4.5 per cent range-, of farmers. "We're getting all the - representatives at the meeting. t'1 i� right For . ". ` 1 SH "we don't need additional power we need now and we gh you ..am generation". are adequately served by the Impressedwith our '?M is that because we re Seaforth line. Sent P t$Y Mr• I�� MEDIt TT, TAX RECEIPT µ ''. I COMP EX EUM ° committed to too much In stating the views of the van Donkersgoed summaria, but I m also a 1ftk1€ "64r ,,,,ri,,;•i rl�ntriboliono �;' I'' e i a t► " i ,_ ....t,o. a? �ciet`atiOn elsewheere rictran FarlrrterR r, van v= -^-'' --- i M Donkersgoed said Hydro ed, stared by ft... i think we :nPl+e mi7jacl to chAnitr 'i • I ' questioned' Mr. va'n Donkersgoed, ought to put generation have reached the point A �i�+ ' �+Marrl Trutt manager for details ;. ' • • • , r a f , st • "We've enough generation "where the problems aro where we are in danger r,9 'technocracy 1 • � • now for well into the i990s," instead of running trap• becoming a f' k ` I 1 1 AUCTION Mr. Bayrm said. smission lines". To carry on he rather than a democracy `There fs a feelf tftat we pe,� p A �p �-q T A R D ' I. • "Is the only solution - to with Hydros olic P Y, I �I L. HORSE PULLFEB.e • CLASSIC I • t I • I Hydro's prob 'rn building . •added, "is to say two 'than can build it and therefores we ' My thinks � � � 'RUST s ° I t additional lines '' van mistakes are better must. group leas ' ONTARIO ' i SALE FEB KlIVt3 ®F iME C�S1LE—Sean Metthew Boll of Centre Donkersgoed pressed p `I •one" time we took a se.rioi s Miceli 7 ,f+wrtr pi'AA 4rrf*pt, 1'./1. Itox ASU ,;:. I " I DAILY Street took advantage of all the fresh snow to play out seem to be getting the ails The Christian Farmers at decentralization arils f a a pith �,�, (Intaa•fel NOG 2WO 1 , ° 1 1 1 , • ' 1 'This past weekend's storm closed schools and saver no .. but • •• .,- " �, Y A Are sugg had weekend activities cancelled in man arts of the e9tingatifi t director said his roll is g P opposedcompleting ed to Hydroid memberq of the u4 e<, P . representing a groaip fbal A lata flow': 47-2022 4 d<r�, r`*Avaw'w i�� � � /tre'rfNMr. . _HOWB(JTTEAICK ,TORONTO , you we build $ around pro family farm, earl t ling f affliA I), ,) Inweu,nsvp p r area. anoiller 11 . • `,j I - v 3 l�µh . N ' a n - . .. SSV,, A I i'• -. _ _ .. , - II II III I I Iyhmw- -' - .-.� - -