HomeMy WebLinkAboutThe Wingham Advance-Times, 1985-03-20, Page 364 - The Farre Edition, Week of March N. 1986
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Theirony of erosion
By: Robert Trout
"The neighbours are trading soil today,"
was the comment made by one area resident
as Monday, April 30th, 1984, swept past the
province. He stood helplessly and watched
his valuable top soil being ravaged by the
forces of nature which were slowly citangiing
the topography and productivity of his farm.
Winds fn)m the south east readied 100 km
per hour during the day and its influence was
felt in many ways. A combination of many
factors on that day led to a major wind erosion
event on this farm. Let's take a look at their
influence.
Soil .texture played ori important role:
Sandy soils have structure consisting of single
grains with less sticky day than loam or day
loam soils. The sand particles can be
detached and moved from the soil surface
when dry.
Wind speeds must be siicsent to cavy
these partides. Where measures have not '
been taken to lower wind speeds, sand
particles will blow.
Residue management can help to lessen
wind speeds and protect soils. In their natural
state, soils support plant growth whose
vegetation, in return, enrich and protect it.
No till planting is an ideal way to maintain
this balance, particularly with sandy soils.
Ridge till' planting is an effective way to
maintain crop residue in poorly drained sands
or heavier soils. This system involves the
formation of ridges in the field during the
growing season and planting the following
crop on the ridge. Both no till and ridge
planting leave maximum amounts of crop
residue near the surface of the soil.
Mouldboard plowing can bury crop
residue completely but modifications can
improve this. Removing cover boards, alter-
ing mouldboards and chisel board plow
attachments can be used to disturb the soil
and leave crop residue on the surface.
Crisp residue also decreases water erosion
by absorbing water, opening the soil and
stopping water flow. This allows water to
infiltrate the soil, thus limiting surface runoff.
An added benefit to ,crop residue is
protection intim wind erosion. Wind speed is
reduced and soils are less likely to blow dry.
Hilltops are particularly susceptible to winds
which drift soils into low lying areas leaving
stones, debris and subsoil, behind .
Winds' Can also be 'averted by the use of
windbreaks. With each tree that is removed
and not replaced, trees become a dwindling
resource which has contributed to • higher
winds at ground level.
Windbreaks should be carefully planned
and planted to give maximum protection to
soil. More trees are required than those
which protect dwellings and barns. Wind-
breaks along fields are required to protect
larger acreages.
Clay loam soils will also benefit from
windbreaks which protect them from the
major wind erosion events which affect them.
This situation usually oocum when frozen soil,
unprotected • by snow cover, is subjected to
driving winds whidi carry drifting snow. This
snow detaches soil partides and creates snoil,
a combination of snow and soil, which is
deposited in drifts along with snow.
El osion is the, affect of many forces in
nature. All these factors individually' must
reach maximum potential for an erosion event
to occtw, but in combination they can easily
. turn to page 21
No till necessary toeliminate
declining productivity :Lobb
A Clinton area farmer who has been using
no tillage conservation practices on his farm
since 1981 sees no -till as a necessity to
eliminate the declining productive potential
of the soil on the steeper slopes on his fann as
well as areas where soil types are not well
adapted to no -till.
"After all, yields that are sustainable at 90
- 95 per cent of full potential will very shortly
be higher than yields on eroding land under
conventional -till," observes Don Lobb.
Why should no -till work for Don Lobb when
frequently reported results from on farm
tillage trials, demonstrations by various
government and Ontario resear b have
tended to produce condescending' comments
at best?
In the instances of the farm tillage trial
reports and government demonstrations,
Lobb says the least familiar tillage systems
are disadvantaged because he suspects '.a
predetermined production formula is used,
without regard for the needed ' adaptation
process for management and local conditions.
Tb complicate matters, immediate yield
comparisons are deemed necessary to justify
time and dollars spent. Thus a system such at
no -till is treated as a curiosity rather than a
Possible solution to specific problems. ,
"The object as I see it," says Lobb,
"should be to determine where and how it
can be fitted to local conditions and individual
management.
The results of Ontario tillage 'research
produces headlines like, "Fall Plow Offers
'Dnp Corn Yields", or researdiers' continents
like, "Average No -Till corn yields decrease is
12 per Dent",. Examination of the facts
indicates that with few exceptions, tillage
research in Ontario has been done in teras of
the continuous corn ethic which was popular a
decade ago.
"We already know that continuous corn is
neither good for the soil or our bank
' accounts," observes Lobb.
Long term Elora tillage trials, which
include no -till vs conventional till justify some
consideration. The predictable yield reduc-
tion associated with continuous com is
evident. It is interesting to note that recent
no -till yields,in the longest running trial at
this site, are very dose to those of conven-
tional till. The question raised is, are we
seeing the result of biological adjustment in
the soil or improved equipment?
Research which incudes other than very
recent data may have questionable value as a
measure of potential for a tillage system, says
Iobb. Researchers too must be learning as
they use anew system.
"I gather as muds information as possible,
consider it and then relate it to my situation,
with as mudi objectivity as possible," says
Lobb. "The same principle applies to farmer
testimonials, magazine articles or whatever."
On the positive side, current University of
Guelph work, whidi does not include Dorn
following crops others than com, has the
potential to produce more practical informa-
tion and more useful tillage recommendations
in terms of today's needs. The workof the
tillage team at the Guelph university hasibeen
limited, Lobb suspects, by the lack of Ontario
commitment to tillage research.
The result is that Lobb must look to the
United States for coripieihensfve tillage vs,
soil type vs coop history comparisons. Lobb
believes the best is a Purdue University
paper. As with Ontario studies, no -till corn is
disadvantaged ion fine textured soil when
following corn. In all other areas, it suggests
good potential. The conservation tillage yield
relationship indicated in this paper is attain -
turn .to page 8