HomeMy WebLinkAboutExeter Times, 1915-7-1, Page 710
LIMBER° MELD FOR 293 DAYS;
PEREMYSL lieLD FOR 26o DAYS
LEMBERG.
August 28, 1914-Itussien armies attack Lemberg.
September 3 -Russians occupy the city.
June 19, 1915--Austro-German forces break through Grodek.
June 20 -Austro -German forces capture ridge of hills six
miles from, city.
June 22 -Austrians re-enter the city.
September 16, 1914 -Russian forces before Peremysl.
October 1 -Russians invest the thy.
March 22, 1915 -Captured by Ruesia.
May 16--Austro-German forces reach the city.
June 8 -Abandoned by the Ru ssians.
ATTACHE AT HADIJE
INVITED TO LEAVE
German Diplomat Too Active in
Espionage to Please
the Dutch.
A despatch from London says:
The Daily Mail's correspafeeent at
The Hague telegraphs that he learns
from a trustworthy source that Col.
Ostertag, the German military at-
tache at The Hague, and formerly at-
tache at London, *hese sudden de-
Parture from the Dutch capital a
few days ago occasioned surprise in
aiplomatic circles, was practically re-
quested to leave by the Netherlands
Government.
"Col. Ostertag," the correspondent
says, "nominally attache here since
early in the war, is said to be in real-
ity one of the most efficient and use -
fel leaders of the German intelligence
department, and is said to have kept
*tin active watch on all lines of com-
munication between Holland and Eng-
land, and between Holland and
America. He latterly has become
much interested in Dutch military
'operations, and in the disposition of
the Dutch troops on,the Belgian front -
ler. His efforts to Obtain information
end the methods he has pursued, it
Ss stated, finally attracted the atten-
tion of the Dutch Government, which
Intimated its strong disapproval to
the German Foreign Office.
"Col. Ostertag left on 24 hours' no-
••••••••••••••
tice, and is now at Ghent. Soon after
his arrival there, nine civilians weie
summarily courtmartialed and shot
on a charge of transmitting military
information to the frontier."
• 44
NORWAY IS WORRIED
BY PIRATE WARFARE
- -
A despatch from London says: The
hope that Germany will take steps to
safeguard neutral shipping from sub-
marine attacks was expressed by the
Norwegian Foreign Minister,
M.
"Men, at the opening of the Storth-
ing, says a Reuter despatch from
Christiania. Diseussing the torpedo-
ing, of the Norwegian steamships
Belridge and Sveinjarl, [hien declared:
"Whatever differences of opinion may
exist regarding rights under interna-
tional law, it is my hope that the
German Government, having learned
through experience how easily mis-
takes are made, will give commanders
of German warships'such instructions
as will make neutral shipping safe."
•
BIG RUSSIAN CROP.
An Increase of Forty Per Cent. Over
Last Year.
A despatch from Ottawa .says: A
cable from. the International Institute
of Agriculture gives the 1915 forecast
of the winter wheat crop for Euro-
pean Russia- at 301,000,000 bushels;
winter rye, 941,000,000 bushels, being
for wheat an increase of 40 per cent.
and for rye nearly 20 per cent., as
compared with the production of the
last year.
New Style of German Aeroplane Brought Down
A despatch from London says: The
corespondent of the Daily Mail at
Calais telegraphs that a German aero-
plane of the newest type has been
brought down by anti-aircraft' fire. It
is very heavily armored and has suffi-
cient lifting power to carry a gun
which is almost as big as a cannon.
ICE CREAM
15 A FOOD
A. VALUABLE food if it's pure. City Dairy Ice
Cream is made of the purest ingredients, in a
new sanitary building. We ship thousands of
gallons to all parts of Ontario. The size of our
business enables us to employ experts and the most
up-to-date methods and equipment.
Keen business men reduce their meat diet dur-
ing the summer and consume more foods such as
Ice Cream. Everybody can do so with benefit to
their health.
For sale by discriminating shopkeepers everywhere.
Look
for
the Sign.
TORONT9.
We want an Agont In every town.
•
Heir Apparent to
Throne of Greece:
Exhausted Troops to b3 Rep -placed by Men Drawn
From Newly -trained Units of Landsturm.
CROWN PRINCE OF GREECE.
!200,000 TEUTONS ARE _SENT _RON.
RUSSIANS WIN
DNIESTER LINE
Force the Austro -Germans Out of
Their Positions on the
River.
A despatch from London says: The
storm centre of the Galician battle
front has shifted from the region of
Lemberg to the line of the Dniester,
south-east of the capital, and fighting
of great intensity is going on along
the river between Zurawna and He-
im The German army of Gen. von
Linsingen has been compelled to re-
treat south of the river as the result
of fierce Russian attacks. This re-
verse is admitted by Berlin, though
Vienna claims that the progress of
the Austrian troops has not been in-
terrupted, and that the forces of
Gen. Boehm-Ermolli are working,
southward from Lemberg to join
those of Gen. von Linsingen. •
The Petrograd correspondent of the
Daily Chronicle thus summarizes the
situation. .-
"The first movement of the Ger-
mans after occupying Lemberg was
to attempt an advance south-eastVeard
along the Lemberg-Beregane railway
with the object of cutting off the
Russian forces operating on the
Dniester. This advance so far has
been. checked, and on the Dniester
itself the Russians are displaying
great energy. A large force of Ger-
mans who crossed the river near Zur-
awna has been jammed on to the bank
and on islands. They have suffered
enormous losses. Further east, near
Halicz, a very mixed force of Aus-
trians has been thrown back to the
river. In these engagements the Rus-
sian light and heavy artillery gave
effective support.
FRENCH UNEMPLOYED
ABOUT 10 PER CENT.
A despatch from Paris says: The
'Ministry of Labor has completed an
enquiry into the effects of the war
upon employment. In 27,610 indus-
trial and commercial concerns, with
1,097,000 employes in ordinary times,
it was found that 65 per cent. were
fully employed in the month of April.
The remaining 35 per cent. does not
represent the actual unemployment
because 24 per cent. of the total num-
ber prior to the war is now with the
colors; so that actually only 11 per
cent., including both sexes, were un-
employed during April, as compared
with 17 per cent. in January, 32 per
cent. in October and 42 per cent. in
August.
These figures, together with statis-
tics issued by,other Ministries, indi-
cate continuous improvement in the
industrial and commercial situation
in France since the opening of • the
war. •
44
TO DETECT PRESENCE OF
UNDERWATER CRAFT
A despatch from London says: The
question of whether there exists any
scientific method of detecting the pre-
sence of a submerged submarine,
which was raised during the Lusitania
enquiry, is now engaging the atten-
tion of the Admiralty. Certain valu-
able suggestions have been made by a
prominent Canadian to Mr. Donald
MacMaster, K.C., wha representd the
Dominion Government at the enquiry,
and Mr. MacMaster has submitted
these to the Admiralty and to Lord
Mersey, and the latter has promised
to give every encouragement to any
experiments in the direction of set-
tling the question.
44
GERMAN SPY IS SHOT
IN TOWER OF LONDON
A despatch from London says: P.
Robert Muller, who on June 4 was
found guilty at the Old Bailey Police
Court of being a German spy, was
executed in the Tower of London on
Wednesday by shooting.
Another alleged German spy, Rob-
ert Rosenthal, who is said by the
police to have confessed that he was
sent to England by the German Ad-
miralty to obtain information on na-
val matters, is to be court-martialed,
e.
SHIP WITH DERNBURG
RELEASED BY 13RITAIN.
---
A despatch from London says:
The Norwegian steamer Bergenskjoed,
together with ' Dr. Bernhard Dern -
burg, has been released by the British
authorities.
The Bergensfjoed was deteined at
Kirkwall, Scotland. Dr, Dornburg
carries a British safe conduct.
A despatch from London says: Germany will be able to place
Accerding to Swise despatches, 200,-750,000 new men in the field by the
000 Pruseiare, Bavarian and Austrianend. of July. These consist of land -
troops in Galicia have beea sent backsturra and inland reserves, but it ie
to their homes terribly exhausted byfigured that they will not exceed in
their long fighting in the burningnumber those Who must bo sent home
tem, Army doctors say that twofrom the eastern front to recover
months' rest is imperative. Freshfrom the hardships of the Galician
troops have gone to replace them. campaign.
at from $5.75 to 50, and bulls sold
MARKEis or ik tvglio at $6 to $8 per cwt. The deinand for
lambs was good and sales were made
at $5.50 to $6 each, and old shee_p at
REPORTS mom THE Lean:ea TRADE $5.50 to $6.50 per cwt. The trade in
eserRES O' AMERICA. calves was active at prices ranging
from $1.50 to $10 each. Hogs quiet
Breadstuffs. with an easy undertone, but prices
Toronto, July 6. -Manitoba wheat show no actual change, sales of se-
-No. 1 Northern, $1.3014; No. 2, lected lots being made at $9.50 to
$1.273; No. 8, $1.25% on tr al
lake ports.
Manitoba oats -No. 2 C.W., 58c; GERMAN WOMEN SUFFERING.
No. 3 57 to 57%c; extra No. 1
feed, 57 to 57%e, on track, lake ports.
American corn -No. 2 yellow, 79%e,
on traelt, lake ports.
Canadian corn -No. 2 yellow, 77c,
on track Toronto.
Ontario oats -No. 2 white, 54 to
55e; No. 3 white, 58 to 54e, according
to freights outside.
Ontario wheat -No. 2 Winter, per
car lot, $1.10 to $1.12, according to
freights outside.
$9.60 per cwt., weighed off cars.
Wives of Interned Aliens in Britain
Cannot Get Work.
Tho question of the internment of
German women is under considera-
tion.
1Vleanwhile the German women in
London regard the idea with horror,
They are asking where will room be
found for them -they number many
Peas -No. 2 nominal, per car lots, thousands -if the housing problem
$1.50 to $1.60, according to freights has proved a difficulty in the case of
outside.
freights outside. their interned husbands. Nearly all
Barley-Gned malting barley, 70
Buckwheat -Nominal, car lots, - 74 the single women have been repatri-
to 73e; feed barley, 05e, according to
ated or have gone with Home Office
permits -obtained with great diffi-
to 76c, according to freights outside.
$1.10, according to freights outside. culty-to the United States. Many
Rye -No. 2 nominal $1 05 to
Manitoba flour -First patents, in have having d efileftni the 01 ym ertehf ruosue gd h ra eopma et rfi aa tmi onny,
quarrel and lived here for many years.
jute bags, $7; second patents, in jute
When war broke out there was a large
bags, $6.60; strong bakers', in jute
bags, $6.30, Toronto; in cotton bags,
10c more.
Ontario flour -Winter, 90 per cent.
patents, $4.60, seaboard, or Toronto
freights in bags.
Millfeed, car lots, delivered Mont-
real freights -Bran, per ton, $26;
shorts, per ton, $28; middlings, per
ton, $29; good feed flour, per bag,
$1.85.
Country Produce.
Butter -Choice dairy, 21 to 23c; in-
ferior, 18 to 20c; creamery prints, 27
to 29c; do., solids, 26 to 28c.
Eggs -Straight new -laid, 21 to 22c
per dozen, in case lots, and selects 23
to 24c.
Beans -$3.11) to $3.15 for prime,
and $3.20 to $3.25 for hand-picked.
Poultry -Chickens, yearlings, dress-
ed, 16 to 18c; Spring chickens, 35c;
fowl, 13 to 15c.
Cheese -The market is steady, with
new quoted at 17c for large, and at
1714e for twins. Old cheese, 21c.
Potatoes -Ontario, 55 to 60c per bag,
out of store, and 45 to 60c in car lots.
New Brunswicks, car lots, 55 to 60c
per bag.
Business in Montreal.
Montreal, July 6. -Corn, American
No. 2 yellow, 80 to 81c. Oats, Cana-
dian Western, No. 3, 5714e; extra No.
1 feed, 57%e; No. 2 local white, 59c;
No. 3 local white, 58c; No. 4 local
white, 57c. Barley, Man. feed, 72c.
Buckwheat, No, 2, 79 to 80c. Flour,
Man. Spring wheat patents, firsts,
$7.10; seconds, $6.60; strong bakers',
$6.40; Winter patents, choice, $6.80;
straight rollers, $6.40 to $6.50; do.,
bags, $3 to $3.10. Rolled oats, bar-
rels, $6.25; do., bags, 90 lbs., $2.90
to $3. Bran $26. Shorts $28. Mid-
dlings, $33 to $34. Mouillie, $35 to
$40. Hay, No. 2 per ton, car lots, $20
to $21.50. Cheese, finest westerns,
16% to 17c; finest easterns, 16 to
1614c. Butter, choicest creamery,
28% to 29c; seconds, 2714 to 27%e.
Eggs, selected, 24 to 25c; No. 1 stock,
21% to 22c; No. 2 stock, 19 to. 20c.
Potatoes, per bag, car lots, 42%e.
Dressed hogs, abattoir killed, $18.25
to $13.70. Pork, heavy Canada short
mess, bbls., 85 to 45 pieces, $29; Can-
ada short cut back, bbls., 45 to 55
pieces, $28.50. Lard, compound,
tierces, 375 lbse 10c; wood pails, 20
lbs., net, 10%e; pure, tierces, 375
lbs., 12%c; pure, wood pails, 20 lbs.
net, 133/2e.
U.S. Markets.
Minneapolis, July 6. -Wheat -No.
1 hard, $1.32%; No. 1 Northern,
1.21% to $1.3214; No. 2 Northern,
1.18% to $1.2914; July, $1.19%;
September, $1,02%. Corn -No. 3
yellow, 71 to 7114c. Cats -No. 3
white, 45% to 4634c. Flour -Fancy
patents,,. $6,50; first clears, $5.50;
second clears, $4. Bran unchanged.
Duluth, July 6. -Wheat -No. 1
hard, $1.30,• No. 1 Northern, $1.25
to $1.29; No. 2 Northern, $1.22 to
$1.25; July, $1.22; September,
$1.05e/s. Linseed -Cash, $1.73%;
July, $1 . 7314 ; September, $1 . 76%.
Live Stock Markets.
Toronto, July 6. -Butchers' cattle,
choice, $8.20 to $8.65; do., good,
$7.50 to $7.80; do., medium, $7.15 to
$7.40; do.,common, $6.60 to $7.10;
butchers' bulls, choice, $6.75 to
$7,50; do., good bulls, $6.25 to $6.50;
do., rough bulls, $5.25 to $6; butchers'
cows, choice, $6.75 to $7.25; do.,
good, $6.25 to $6.50; do., medium,
$5.10 to $5.75; do., comtnon, $4.50 to
$4.75; feeders, good, $6.50 to $7.25;
stockers, 700 to 1,000 lbs., $6.25 to
$7.60; canners and cutters, $4 to
$5.25; milkers, choice, each, $65 to
$105; do., common and medium, each,
$85 to $45; springers, $50 to $96;
light ewes, $6.50 to $7.50; do., heavy,
$8.50 to $4.50; do., bucks, $3.50 to
4.60; yearling lambs, $6 to $8;
Spring lambs, cwt., $10.75 to $12
calves, $8.50 to $10; hogs, fed a.nd
watered, $9 to $9.10; do., off cars,
9.25 to $9,40.
Montreal, July 6.--Choiee steers
were scarce; small lots of good steers
sold at $8.50 to $8.75, while fair
stock brought $7.50 to $8.75, and the
lower grades from. $6 to $7 per cwt.
The trade in butchers' cows was fair
number of German women -clerks,
typists, commercial travellers, stu-
dents, and tourists in London, but
these with few exceptions have been
repatriated. The women who are here
now are mainly the British or German
wives of German men who have been
interned or middle-aged and elderly
German women who have lived here
so long that they have lost touch with
their own. country. Their sympathies
are, however, German and they make
no attempt to conceal the fact, though
German women of the better classes
avoid all allusion to the war when in
the company of English people.
Work is made absolutely impossible
for them with one curious exception -
the German cook, whose position has
fluctuated since war broke out. In tha
largest of the servants' agencies it
was stated that German servants had
been dismissed almost everywhere,
and that the German cook was rare in
English families. In one of the Ger-
man women's associations, on the con-
trary, it was said that though Ger-
man servants were dismissed at the
beginning of the war, many applica-
tions were afterwards received from
Englishwomen, overwhelmed by the
servant difficulty, for German cooks,
and these women, unless they have
been dismissed as a result of the pre-
sent outcry, are perhaps the only Ger-
man women in British employment.
There has been a considerable
amount of suffering among German
women and British women married to
Germans since the war. Only 1 per
cent. of the German men at large are
in employment, and there is much
poverty. The German Government
through American intermediaries
make an allowance,
paid through the
German BenevolentSociety, of 10s. a
week and 3s. a week for each child to
the wives of interned Germans, while
the English Government make a
grant, paid through the relieving offi-
cer, of 8s. outside the London radius
and 10s. inside, and 1s. 6d. for each
child to the English wives of interned
Germans. Where 6s, or more a week
has to be paid for rent and the chil-
dren require much milk, the allowance
does not go far. The mental distress
of those who have male relatives fight-
ing in Germany, and who have been
badly frightened by the recent anti -
German riots is very great.
Feeling is to strong, that anyone
with a German name is viewed with
suspicion. A distinguished English
woman archaeologist, whose family
has been resident over 30 years, can
obtain work nowhere because she has
a German name. The Friends Emer-
gency Committee for the assistance
of Germans, Austrians, and Hungar-
ians in Distress has dealt with over
3,000 cases, trying to find work, gen-
erally unavailingly, for German wo-
men and men and to relieve necessi-
tous cases. Other societies also are
helping, including the Y.W.C.A., the
Friends of Foreigners in Distress, and
the German Benevolent Society.
Before she has been married a
yeaae every woman discovers that
her husfband is a, aerate.
ULANss
4, 4
FRE \ OH CAPTURE
EPYIY CANNON
Great Quantities of War Material
Also Fall Into Their
Hands.
A despatch from Paris says: A
hand-to-hand fight with grenades in
the eastern part of the Labyrinth
along with a violent cannonade north
of Souehez are the only features of
the fighting north of Arras raentioned
in an official communique. French
troops made further progress between
Angres and Souchez, and. a German
attack in the Labyrinth was repulsed.
On the greater part of the front
artillery duels and the explosion of
mines have occupied the past 24
hours. At the Calonne trench, in
the heights of the Meuse, the Ger-
mans made a desperate effort to re-
gain their second line of trenches,
now in French hands, but were twice
repulsed.
The attack was of great violence,
accompanied by the hurling of as-
phyxiating bombs and burning liquid.
After succeeding in penetrating into
part of their former second line,
which the French now occupy, they
were driven out by a vigorous coun-
ter-attack.
In the course of the counter-attack
delivered by Joffre's forces in the
region of Ban de Sept four mitrail-
louses and a great quantity of war
material was captured, including
rifles, cartridges and grenades.
44
BRITAIN TO REGISTER THE
NATIONAL RESOURCES.
A despatch from London says:
Now that the agitation for munitions
is at its height, Englandis . g g .to
take a stock of her resources. A bill
providing for "the register of nation-
al resources" is to be introduced in
the House of Commons by Walter
Hume Long, president of the Local
Government Board, according to an-
nouncement made by William Hayes
Fisher, Unionist member for Fulham.
Just what will be the scope of the in-
ventory, and whether it will include
men as well as supplies, has not been
made known.
44
POPE IS HORRIFIED
BY WAR ATROCITIES.
A despatch from London says:
Discussing the Vatican and the war,
the Morning Post says the Pope,has
expressed his horror at some of the
more atrocious crimes, but in regard
to what many Catholics believe to
have been the supreme and original
iniquity the Pope remains silent. For
two generations Germany has been
taught to believe in the justice not
only of the present war, but of all
war.
SUBMARIE OFFICER
GIVEN VICTORIA CROSS
A despatch from London says: It
was officially announced that the Vic-
toria Cross had been awarded
Lieutenant -Commander Martin E.
Nesmith for taking his submarine
into the Sea of Marmara and sinking
various Turkish transports, stone
ships and a gunboat.
Two officers of the submarine,
Lieutenants Guy d'Oyly-Hughes and
Robert Brown, were awarded the Dis-
tinguished Service Cross. Each of
the crew received the Distinguished
Service Medal.
Casualties in Raids on Britain.
A despatch from London says:
The number of casualties in the bom-
bardment of Hartlepool, Scarborough
and Whitby, some time ago by hos-
tile warships, was 127 killed and 567
injured, Under-secretary Brace an-
nounced in the House of Commons.
He stated that fourteen air attacks,
chiefly against undefended tewns,
caused the death of 56 persons -24
min, 21 women, and 11 children -and
the wounding of 188, of whom 35
were women and 17 children.
44
PRISONERS IN BRITAIN
WILL HARVEST CROPS.
A despatch from London says:
The Government has decided to allow
prisoners of war to help in the har-
vesting of crops near places where
they are under detention. The out-
side labor will be performed only un-
der specified conditions.
01\ E KILLED AND
FOUR WOLNDED
A despatch from Amherst, N.B.,
says: During an outbreak at the
alien enemy internment camp near
Amherst, one of the prisoners, Fritz
Clause, a German, was shot deed,
and four others, also said to be Ger.
yna,ns, were seriously wounded. A
rumor was abroad during the day
that the shooting Deemed when a
squad of German prisoners attempted
to escape. The following version
was obtained from a competent
soul*:
"While the prisoners of war in the
detention camp were being conducted
to the componnd for physical exer.
else One of ihem, il'ritz Clause, as-
,
saulted one of the internment police,
knocking him insensible. The camp
police with the gnara was called out
to quell the mutiny and in the m.10 -
time the originator af the trouble
.was shot dead, and four of the other
prisoners were seriously wounded."
[WS OF THE MIDDLE WEST
BETWEEN ONTARIO AND Bid;
TIS U OOLUIMA.
Items From Provinces Where Many
Ontario Boys and Girls Are
June roses bloomed plentifully at
the end of May in Battleford.
Gleichen will hold a stampede this
year; it is a famous Alberta, cow town.
Te Assessment Commissioner at
Winnipeg estimates the population at
212,889,
The sale of war tax stamps added
$1,600 to the May reeeipts at Regina
post office.'
A record beginning for cutting of
alfalfa was xnade at Lethbridge the
last day of May.
Saskatoon will limit the entry of
public school pupils to those over six
years of age.
Eleven cases of horse stealing fig-
ured on the docket of the Assizes at
Calgary Criminal Assizes.
The only two strikes of workers in
Saskatchewan last year were at Sas-
katoon and Battleford.
The Charities Endorsation Bureau
will abolish tag days in Winnipeg, re-
garding them as hold-ups.
From September to April Winnipeg
civic employes contributed $31,586 to
the patriotic fund.
The Canadian Northern Railway
expects to be ready for business in. the
West within three months.
The Calgary Power Company has
to pay the city $21.60 per hour dur-
ing the time the power is "off."
For stealing four horses at Emer-
son, Man., John McCurry was sen-
tenced to four years in the pen.
Hon. Dr. Roche, Minister of the In-
terior, will probably make a trip
through Peace River Valley this sum-
mer.
The Postmaster -General has order-
ed the name of Windy River, Alta., to
be changed to Pleasant View.
Reynold Hordan, naturalized Ger-
man citizen, homesteading near Cal-
gary, will be tried for seditious ex-
pressions.
Red. Deer fall fair and race meet
will be held this year as the Domin-
ion Government grant of $2,500 has
arrived.
Ald. S. G. Freeze, of Calgary, has
the contract to suply 10,000 lbs. of
coffee to military camps in the West
for a year.
Calgary finds it difficult to get
street cleaners as the new rules call
for speakers of English over forty
years of age.
This summer steel will likely be
laid on 25 miles of the Lethbridge -
Weyburn branch of the C.P.R., east of
Foremost.
From June ist, 1914, to June 1st,
1915, there were 1,282 arrests by Ed-
monton police, exclusive of drunks
and assaults.
Winipeg has set aside a portion of
Brookside Cemetery for the burial of
soldiers; it was suggested. by the
I. 0. D. E.
Tho P. Burns Packing Company of
Calgary are supplying large quantities
of dressed meats for the allied armies
in Europe.
The Trades and Labor Council of
Moose Jaw prefer serious charges
against the character and capacity of
the city's fire chief.
A man from Buchanan, Sask., who
found the army too great a grind
after enlisting, was tarred and fea-
thered on returning home.
The property values of Winnipeg
this year are assessed at $7,500,000
over last year, the business assess-
ments have decreased $750,000.
The introduction of modern machin-
ery will cut down to 700 the men
needed on the work for Greater Win-
nipeg's new water supply.
FASHIONS SET BY SOLDIERS.
Buttons on Sleeves,the Frock Coat,
and Other Styles.
The fashion of adorning the sleeves
of our coats with buttons originated,
it is said, with the French army. The
French soldiers were in the habit of
wiping their mouths with their
sleeves, and the buttons were put on
to prevent them from doing so. To-
day, of course, the real reason for the
presence of these buttons is forgot-.
ten, and they are considered orna-
ments, civilians as well as soldiers
decorating their sleeves with thm.
Who would dream of associating
the frock coat with the army? And
yet it is a descendant of the olde
time "wafenrok," a long garment,
falling below the knees and slit up
the back in order that it could be worn
for riding. It was made long to
cover the armor. The two purely or-
namental buttons which adorn the
back of the modern frock and tail
coats were, at one time, supports for
the sword -belt. The Norfolk coat wee
designed from the chain -mail hauberk
fastened round the waist with the
sword -belt as worn by Richard
"Coeur -de -Lion," and every modern
peaked cap is a copy of the helmets
worn by soldiers up to Cromwell's
time.
The army, too, has been the birth-,
place of :some of our most everyday
customs, Shaking hands as a form oft
greeting originated through the mite
tom o/ a knight, on meeting a frien
extending his right hand. to sho
that he held no weapon.
. 44
All Indian regiments wear the tti
ban, except the Gurkhas, who we
a little round cap.