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HomeMy WebLinkAboutThe Exeter Times, 1889-9-19, Page 31SE 01017 ,Pro - mita. outs. Lould ming , one unty ;clear ws- from er not aued may ado. ther y be pub - side g to )ost- illad daue ,er OR tor 11 see sne cry' in ate. ado are' rou rho r wet le its, nts the tor se. the Ma. RO W BEAisre WE PROTEOT OUI r,Q.B4BT8 ? no n, W. enure. • , The following paper was reed before the American ASSOMatiOn for the Advance unent of Science 1ate13r in melon ia Toronto. M. Phil)ps prefaced his remarks by etating that a number of plane for the preeervation of our fame' had been euggeeted by different people, but he was convinced from his ex. penance the follovving half dozen summaries of methods were distinctly practical In aorover to this ;potion, I will mention the different methods' which appear to me most feasible. AROUSING PUBLIC OPINION Each State gr Province shonIcl employ a competent official to obtain information on the aubject, and circulate it by raetins of pa_ phlets generally °ailed Forestry Reports. W th these, two things en advteable, firet, that they be written in an interesting etyle, for mere dictionary statements on the eubject would eirnply be left unread; next, that they be widely distributed and among proper permons, not merely sent to officials cm prominent men, on whpse shelves they are likely to remain unread. An excellent method is that a obtaining, from eorrse well. informed person in each locality, the names; of all he knows" likely to read with profit such a book, and minding one by post to each on his list. In addition to this, it will greatly aid if the forestry official be able to address, during each year, many oommunioto ions to the press throughout his State or Province. In addition again, addresses delivered at many. points eaoh year will be found of great norm]. •• DISTRIBUTION OF TREES, Young sapling' s obtained in the forest, are very inferior to nursery grown plants. The lomat sapling has generalleeitwo or three long roots, whioh cannot be obtained in full extension or carried or planted if they were ; they must be out, and the °hence of growing risked, Then many of them are grown in the ;shade, and will not stand the open sun. On the Other hand, the nursery sapling, two or three times transplanted, as it should be, gets a more bunchy and fibrous root each time, and naturally grows fay better, when placed in its ultimate position. Very diriall trees, eepeolally evergreen, oan be, indeed and often are, taken froni the forest], and planted in the nursery,' when after two transplanting'', they will have excellent roots. But when obtained from seek or when young from large nuraeries, the •work b far more easy and certain. When one goes for trees to the bush, though saplings apparently be countlessagt is surprising what trouble it will take to find what is wanted, and to get fair roots then. Again, in our seteled country, 'cattle are 'oftenmade so free of the bush that young trees are hard to get in any ease. For all these reasons], if the farmer had available, when he was eleady, some thousands of good ewell.roded alliplings of the kind he wishes, he would of ten be willing to planleand care for them. Therefore, I consider that a large government nursery, where trees might bef,obtained free of cost, would be one of the greatest induce- xnents to land -owner's to plant. It will not do to say that he who wants trees should buy them. There is an inducement needed here, or the work will not be done. The work is national; ibis the nation desires the farmer to plant the trees ; it was the fault fault of the nation that he was ever allowed to obtain public land at first, without an agreement to retain a certain portion in trees, Few should be in a batter position to say than I, as I have now for seven years been examining the Subject; and lam strong. ly of opinion, that under a system of free saplinge, twenty times as much planting would be done as at present. instead of free nurseries, governments to netimea grant orders on nureerymen. W 1 h care- ful and earnest; supervision either pl sta would • answer. The great point is—Free distribu- tion of young trees. SETTLING FRESH WOODLAND. • The great error of the original settlers was taking hill and hollow, mountain and valley, indiscriminately for eettlenaent. The result is that many niountain tops were cleared, farmed, and ruined, for the soil wash%) away, and in a few years nothing is • possible but to desert ib, and go deevehere. That the mountain should be wooded and the eloping valley cropped is the very A. B. C. of forestry, and this should be !mound by eaying to the settler, "Thu cannot have such a lob; ib is a mountain bop; it? must stay in wood ; and if you take such another lot, you must agree to keep such a part in wood, and to keep cabbie out." This may seem harsh to the settler;'but in the end it would be far better for him. If there is one lesson more than another, which over - clearing bas taught Amerioa, it is that peo- ple should not be allowed to enter the wood. land to hack and hew as they please. There • are now millions] of aloes of deserted and worn.out farms in the Eastern States and Canada whioh ,were stimpls the elevated ridges, fit with oare to bear timber forever, but nob fit for farms, as the earth washes off. It is hard for the settler in's forest to know the elevation, but the survey should have regulated matters. I wieh it to be under- stood that here I speak from my own ex perience. When, over thirty years ago, with no one to guide us, many of us entered the forest], we olesered,much land which never should have felt the axe and is now worth- less, or very near it. Thi e is nob Proposed in thecae of the ordinary rolling land of the country nor where there are. merely a number of small hills, but where thousands of acres Corm the wateruhed 91 a raoithtain range; they should*remain in Wood. ronner nnsnervAerc , Foreeb reservations of twenty or thirty miles square should be left at those':placee, found in most countriee, where the eources of many streams arise, that the rivers which pass thenee threugh the reel; of the country may be preserved. " These will form reserves where timber may grow to be thinned (net cleared) at maturity. They will also,give. .ter where birds and animal e otherwise in den. ger of extirpation, may atilt live; and as the country ardundis cleared they will be in- valuable for Summer resorts. Theee would, ff oared for, eenealn beentiful rememheanoes .of the pristine foreet, full of eylvan glailee and delightful groves retainmg the tinder. growth, the Wild flowers, the "deep leaf bed, the pleseeant freshneee of t ie virgin forest, In that state they are most , valuable pre servers and distributor° of moisteire. Bub if left whieent care, fire will hero and there turn the Mlle be the barren clay, tattle will destroy ,the under •growth, and t. the whole sitenery appear dry 'and desOlate, compared with what it was and might still have been. Two thiags, then, are here neceseery:—Prevetth settlement there, and appoint care -tellers!. . • • REMISSION OF TAXES oar WciontAxo. It would greatly assail in prose ring d eonsidetable amositt o fermi) throughout ' the counties if meets on Woodlands', Where the cositstry its sufficiently cleaved, were in nection some etipulat'on were made that cattle tittpuld to a preper exteut be exolud- very great benefits( would follow, For It may be here remarked that a wood dried PP and hardened, its undergrowth d.oetroya ed by cattle, is of very little value climati, °oily compared with one her the tercet beet is preeerved. Neither will it remain store of fuel, for • there being no Ysiulag trees, the forest must ultimate- ly die. There ie no tieubb, however, that; many of these vvoodloos are allowed est decay became it is intended to clear thern up, and that, if the remission of taxes in, timed the ownere—as it in most caries would -to keep them as permanent forests, much better care would be taken of them, FREE (MAIMS, In prairie countries sectionskof land have been given free to settlers, on condition that) a oertainnumber of acres, generally ten, be planted with trees and kept iugood condi- tion for a certain period. This has been tried for years in the States, but frauds are odd to be perpetrated under it, I have myself found, when at the great • private nurseries in the weet, where the young trees were procured, that it is always a practice to purchase the worst, the culls, in feet, for tree claitn lots. The system was neverthe- less valuable, but needs to he carried out In good faith, by competent and firm in- spectors, The prairie lands, both of Canada and the States, urgently need tree planting and will give good returns, Plan, Mama of mike square have been grown for eight years in Kansas by railroad, compan- ies, and with good paying results. Yet, even whit this suoceseful example before their eyes, settlers plant little, When I, saw them they were four and six years old, yet, still the prairie for hundreds of miles was comparatively treeless, though all ad. raided the benefits of trees. I should re. oomtnend, in prairie countries, 'while the soil is yet in government hands, that many millions of young trees be planted and oared for under government appropriations, cultivated to keep down weeds for a couple of years, and the prairie close by ploughed to prevent fire running to the trees. In this we should not wait for ex• experients long. It is necessary to plant four times as many trees as needed,' to al- low for thinning and by planting different varieties ib would be easy so to arrange them that even if three-fourths failed we should still have a forest. But three-fourths would nob fail. This would cost millions of dollars, it is true; and it is equally true that it is a matter in which, above all others, millions should be spent. If, when I first saw the prairie States, between thirty and forty years ago, an appropriation of ten millions of dol- lar° had been given to plant trees and care for the groves then existing, those state would, I am well assured, be more valuable by a thousand millions of dollars now. Can nations nob afford such sums ? Let us think of the sums they are without exceptions ready to 'mend in war; and then answer. Bub that, it may be said, ie to preserve national life. „ So is the other. Every well informed student of history is aware that in all the past, as the forests of a country were destroyed beyond a proper proportion, na- tional life weakened, lard by the Mine, when, as examples show us, the treeless desert had overspread the ground, the nation was dead. PRESERVING TIMBER ronasas. The preservation of these has been little thought of in America, and the lumberman, on condition of paying the authorities a certain amount, has been too often allowed bo cut at his pleasure. No oare has been taken to replant forests. In Europe, on the other hand, the 1 wood -buyer is carefully instructed as to what portion he may clear or thin, while as soon eat the ground is ready it is agaia planted or the gaps filled. Two reasons for the American practice existed: first, farm land was needed. This reason ia not now valid, as the pine land now left Is very largely too poor for agriculture. See - °end and chiefly, the timber could be sold. Matters have now come to pretty mach the following cendition. This generation, say for thirty years, will have timber enough, though they will have to use much wood hitherto thought unfit. After that, there will be little good pine and nob much good hardwood in our present forests; what is obtained will be brought frons British Col- umbia and the forests of the Southern States, while the generation following will exhaust these. Considering the well-known benefit; of keeping a large ruction of the country in forest--benefics which it not the province of this paper to state—I would earnestly urge the people of America to consider how much more advantageous it would be at once and decidedly to say of certain large portions now in forest, "These shall nob be cleared for setlenient—bhese shall be .saored to the tree.'. Once this determination is arrived at the rest is easy. Nothing is more simple than- to introduce and maintain a method of forest preserva- tion, if populations demand it, and govern- ments fulfil their desires, It is often said, " We have a large propor- tion of forest land." But most of this is not good forest. Much has been overrun by fire, muoh culled of every good stick by the lumberman. Bat nearly all of this might be renewed, and made good perma- nent forest, if the Means were used. I will close this paper by stating what is done in Ontario for, forest preservation. Much forestry literature has been for years circulated by the local government, and with good affeot. -A money bonus, half paid by government and half by the township, is given for the planting of lines of trees, in good condition after three- years, in every township which chooses to adopt the law. Over fifty rangers half paid by government and half by the lumbermen, are kept in the woodvdttring the -sumteer months to pre. vent fires, a very valuable measure. An arbor day has been instituted, with exoel. lent results, . Finally, the answer to the question, "How shall we protect our forests " is : "Spend more money in their preservation, and be less eager to make money by cutting them down." Poor Writin'." "Are you fond of autograph. Mr. Mush. room ?" asked the aeethetio young lady of the praotioal visitor. "No, I don't aM flinch on 'ern; but my goo, who's away at college, has a, big collection of the handwritin' of great celebrighte. I reckon etirprise him some when he gots back this summer." "In what way t" "Wail, ye see, 130/110 of them I:midnights wait such poor writin' that had all the names copied off in a neat hand in a big book, You have no idea how touch better they look. That other truck that nobody couldn't make out I tist burned up."--[ America. • The Very Thing. Juvenile Customer (doubtfully) " l'm afraid you haven't any ribbon of the kind I want. Mamma said I must be sure to ask for moue° color." Salesman (equal to the emergency, producing a bolt of fiery red rib. boe)--" That's what this is—otttehed mouse all easels remitted ; and 11 in the atone 000 oolor, How many yards." TEE SPEAR IN WAR. Its Long and woody, Mato, About Over— Now reeled in the Hands ell t)avatef •only. d It ia Wit four years Aline Oman DIgina promised hie army of fuzzy -headed Kaden. dowas that their smears should drive the bayonets of their enerniee into the Red Sea. Soon after there came, as the .taahdi's Dleut- tanant no doubt thought it, the fulfilment of the promiee, for Reser Pasha, advancing to the relief of Tokar, was overwhelmed by the rush of the Arab speartnan, and 2,000 of his troops were killed. Then Sinkat fell, and soon after Tokar surrendered. Ret, on a sudden, the tide turned, and at El Teb our young troops, fighting hand to hand with the Soudaneee, once more restored to the bayonet the preetige of seprematay. Leap- ing out of their pits the Aro,Ise came rushing on to our square—"as magnificent A spectacle of courage as the world had ever seen," gad Col. Fred Burnaby—fearless of death, ehoutiog and braodishing their opeare. Nor did the eteady volleying of otir Martinis stop the impetuoue onset, for the gallant enemy would not be gainsaid. They tisane right on through the storm of bullets and crossed their veers with British steel. It Was a tough fight and a fair one, but the bayonet gained the day. Once and again, after this, the earne sharp lesson has been taught. At Abu Klea, ex- actly as at Tamanieb, the Soudanese tried hard and bravely • To RUSH 01JR SQUARE. At one point, in spite of a withering fire, they actually did penetrate it, but, as be- fore the hand-to•hand fight of bayonet against spear that ensued ended in the via - tory of the former. At McNeill's' mob& the fighting was as dose, but the bullet and the bayonet foiled the great oross.handed sword and lengthy spear. Now at oski the same old tale has been told. The m ajority of the Arabs, in all these fights, were armed with only theirs pears and swords, and the disproportion in the killed on the Nile—fifteen hundred against) seventeen—proves the fatal superiority of arms of precision, when held by cool and disciplined soldiers, over the weapons of past days, the ponderous Crusaderafasbion sword which the Souclanese carry, and the lanee which, bill 'gunpower Seas invented, was the tried fonifidable weapon of war. Once recognised as a formidable weapon, two varieties came' into existence, the heavy stabbing "assegai," as the Zahn call it, and the lighter one with keener heed for throw- ing. Amorg savage nations these are still in vogue. The South American oar - ries both. All over Africa it is the chief equipment of the warrior, varying from the needle -pointed javelin of some of the equatorial tribes to the broad paddle -blade heads of the ponderous spears of others. .These races, however, are all foot soldiers ; and it is only when we turn to nations of horsemen that we meet with "the lance" such as ' Europe recognizes. • Without exaggera- ting it into the preposterous length of the Macedonian "tsarina," we have elongated it beyond the proportions of meet of the spears of antiquity, and proved it, in our OwnLan- Oen' hands, and in those of the famous Ben- gal Cavalry, a terrible weapon indeed. In Homer we read how Achilles thrust Hector through the neck with his spear, "a spielr, eheavy with bronze," and the early Per - USING THE SAME WEAPON added a sharp spike to the butt end, so that it could be used either way. The Greek lance was a light missile, scarcely nine feet long. and was the chief arm of their cavalry, and from them was borrowed by the Roman horseman. But the Roman spear par excel- lence was the short, heavy pilum, which, with the broadsword, only two feet long in the blade, won so many victories for the Legions and established the wisdom of the saying that "the people who shortened their weapons length- ened their boundaries." The Gauls are de- scribed as fighting with a ponderous club -like spear, while in lllyria theuoldiers carried a fine slight javelin which they called 'their "spits." Auden% Germany and Spain also had their characteristic lances, the one mars: sive like a mace, the other a mere reed for lightness. Thus alternating between the heavy and the light, we find the same arm everywhere in use by infantry, while the oavalry carried almost invariably the longer "lance," which still holds its own even in these days of firearms. In India, a country of unrivalled spearmen, the mounted lancers have always been conspicuous in battle, and her Majesty has no finer soldiers than the "Irregular Horse" of Hindosten. Arabia is another country famous for the skill of its spearmen, and travellers never weary of tell. ing of the dexterous feats, the terrific appear- ance, of the mounted Bedouins. Historically, the smear is very important, for time after time, in the annals of Asia and Europe, it has turned the scale of battle; how is flashes through all the courtly records of chivalry and glitters in the story of half a hundred nations; how romance delights in it, the knightliest of weapons and the most beautiful ; and how sober history itself takes fire from these sharp steel points of the Asiastio hosts twinkling all along the vexed boundaries of imperial Rome, kindles at the glinting onrush of Mapedonian and Soythian, and brightens into the very poetry of war when Saracen and Crusade; meat, and the sunlight strikes( THE EEE N TIPS of their pennoned laces all down the embattled line. From one exquisite and fatal form to another it. has passed from country to country, always elegant, always deadly, andto be seen to.day in the perfec- tion of its peculiar grace when the irregular cavalry of India take the field with their fluttering lance°. Terror: !hovers above them as they pass into action, and history seems to roll lank for .centuriee with the wild ory of theYunrivalted spearmen, Sikh' and Jat, Pathan and II ahratta, se they eight their foe and' bwer theinlanee heads to the level of death. " It was at the points of these same *earn, shod with steel from the valleys of the Nerbudda and the Taptee, that Sivaji founded the Maratha dominion in India, dhetherfog the hate,' Mohammedan supremacy, and stretohing the authority of the Peithwalik from sea to sea. It was at the points of these SWIM spear0 that in Our greatest 13ampaigns in India We often carried off victory, and the history of our Bengal cavalry telling, how again and again they held the scale of the clay's fortuities, and again and again turned It in our favor, its as brilliant a record as ever Addison earned. In Egypt, as we have learned at ouch fre- quent cost, tho Soudanese thoroughly under- stand the use of the ancient national atm, and do nob heeitate to oppose the spear to the bayonet. It is a desperate weapon, in- deed, in the hands of suph bravo men as 1 Wad -el -Mum' commanded, but the pitilees fire of our rifles glom the gallant fellows biat little chance of ooming to the close quarters in which alone their spears can be deadly. The Zulus, when they rushed in on the camp of the TWetity-fOurth at Isandlawana, gung finite VC/UM' QF TDB LoNGER 4e5gdap, and thou °limed with the fatabbliag one, and, getting lute the midge of our men before they °mild term, slew es theY Pleeeed. So, too, • W4en the trpops of Make Pasha and Qen. Baker let the Arobs get among them* the masaaere was •rapid and Complete- At El Teb they tried hard to do the same, but the Highlanders" wonid nob have and the line of Britishsteel kept the beet outside the square till the gime and rifles, Flouring in their ehelle and blillete, OW:lapelled thorn to retire. At Abu Klett, again, •the tactic's were similar. The t3neroy, "by a cleverly executed movement, also dieappeared from view," and then eutidenly reappearing olose to our troops, flung themselves headlong against our square, hoping to force their way into it,and in the melee thet would thus ensue to end the opportunity for s ffeotive use of their headed epears. The eight muet have been a:most impoeing one, and calculated to shake the steadiest nerves, as the two Maese01 5,000 men in each, susidenly burst out from their covert, mad, with their wild cries of "For the Faith !'' cattle at racing ePeed upon our guns, brandishing above their heads, as they rushed to death, the apears whioh their leader once told them where to drive the British bayonets back to the Red Sea. It was a gallant effort. But the day of the ripear as a weapon for hand to hand combat is past, and not even all the ootikage of the Khalifa's men on avail to restore it to ite old pre-eminence in war, For light cavalry it Mill remains without; challenge the most effective arm but if Hector holds a rifle Achilles has no chance of reaohing him with his "pole heavy with bronze." Tennyson's Wise Words. 6 the risk of provoking a smile at our eimplioity," writes Dr. J. M. Buckley in the "Christian Advocate," we will relate that long years ago, when we thought that great men, ifithey speak at all, always speak words of wisdom, tee followed Tennyson, who was anoompafiied by a• lady and tw cs children, about South Kennington Museum for two hours and a half, hoping thathe would speak. At last he madesigns as if he were 'abouo to do so. Hoping to hear some criticism of a painting we..listened intently-, and these memorable words fell hone the lips of England'e Poet Laureate :—‘You take care of the children while I go and get some " It Made Mother Stron9 olViy mother has been Using PAINE'S OELERY GOHPOUND for nervous prostration, accompan- ied by melancholia, • etc., and it haa done her a world of good. It is the only medi- cine that strength. ens the nerves.' G. II. llamas, Orbisonis,„ Ra. "1 an in my alth year, nave been aillieted several ways—could not sleep, had no appetite, no Courage, low spirits. I eommenced uellett Paine's Celery compoundand felt rota from the third day after using it. inow have a good appetite and can sleep well, Aly spirits and Cowstjge are almost like those of a young IBM" C. Emelt), D. D., Gonzales, La. Paine's Celery Compound Strengthens ansi builds up the old, and oures their infirmities. Rheumatism, indigestion and lierVouSualiS yield quickly to the curative power Of Paine's celery Compound. A Perfect Tonic and Invigorator, It GIVES NEW LIFE. • "I am now 09 years old and have tried several remedies, but none had any effect until I used Paine's Celery Compound. I feel entirely dif- ferent for the short time I have used it. I can walk nearly straight, sleep sound and well, and feel as though there WaS new life and energy coming into nay whole system', airtros, Cleveland, Tenn., Paine's Celery Compound is of unequaled value to women. 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Magic. Latest and greatest achievement of modern science Most won- derful discovery of the age. Like no other preearctiont Magical, sure, almost instantaneoue in action 1 Boys vritli whishes 1 Bald heads "haired I" Curious spectacle', but positive troths. Only genuine article in market, end certain to give absolute satisfaetion. Guaranteed, Price 518 bottle, or three luntlesfor 52. Each bottle lasta One month. Adds= A. DIXON Box 305, TORONTO, OA1-t42A. MADAME EIDVANRAIII'S PREPARATION. superfluous hair without injurlynt0 supERFLuous HA* A preparation that wet Price 51. ermsakt,nentlwy carre.mted.cree PIMPLES AHD BLACKHEADS P errer=tift from 10 to SO days. Warranted. Price or 80 days treatment, 81. ANTI.CORPULEHCE PILLS 'fotgrePaellcg: point is a matter of solicitude, whether because it is uncom. tenable or unfashionable—PA:T POLES using " TZ .?0RFOLEXell PILLS'. lose 18 lbs. a month. They caned no sickness •, contain no poison, and never fall. Price for one toon.ies treatment. $2; or three months medicine,2. Warranted. COMPLEXION WAFERS° Elleadit the skin, develop the form. lifar:lle°Alss.AAPITin IertallranentB'' in esrect. Warranted. Price Si it box, or six boxes for ea. address 21.9.13.31XE DIOVANNANI, 296 Etirtg street West Toronto, Onto JOHN LAE3ATT'S Indian PaIR 4le and XXX Bmzvn Stout Highest awaras anct Medals for Purity and Excel- lence at Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876; Canada, 1876; Australia, 1877; and Paris, France, 1878. 0 TESTIMONIALS SELECTED: Pr0f.33 H Croft, Public Analyst, Toronto, says:—"T find it to be perfectly sound containing no impurities or adulter- ations, and can strongly -recommend it as perfectly pure and a very superior malt liquor," John B Edwards, Professor of Chemistry, afontreal, says: "I findtbeim to be remarkably souni ales. brewed, from pUr m alt and hops Bev. P: J. Ed. Page ,Professor of Chemistry, Levalaun .ver sity, Quebec. trays :—"I have analyzed the Indian Pale,,Ale m ant:facture d b v John Labatt , London, Ontario, and iave • found it a light ale, containing but little alcohol, of a •aeli- Mous flavor, and of a very agreeable taste :and superior quality. and compares with the best imported ales. I have also analyzed tbe Porter XXX Stout, of the salne brewery, which is of eacellent quality; its flavor is very agreeable ; It is a tonic more energetie than tbe above ale' for it is a little richer in a Mattel, and. can bs comparedadvantage- ously wi th any imported article. ASK YOUR GROCER FOR IT. eintziri n MANUFACTURERS OF Co rand, Square Upright PIANOFORTES. The Oldest Manufacturers in the Dominion Seven Thoueand Pianos Now in 'Use. The Heintssnan Pianos are Elated for Their Full, Rich, Pure Singing Tone, • Their Finely Regulated Delicate Touch, Their Perfectly Evea Well Balanced seek The Whole Composed of the Choiceet Material and of the Most Thorough Workmanship Send For Illustrated Catalogue. .F.4.0tOry!"1104....loroilto Jutiction Warei.00'reks Offi0o, :1 1 7 kinrSt.We0 ••:TO:RopistiTTOt