Loading...
HomeMy WebLinkAboutThe Exeter Advocate, 1924-7-17, Page 2rt P}> �y Address communications to Agronomist, 73 Adelaide St. West, 'Toronto I SPRAYING POTATOES FOR sary proportions of bluestone and LATE BLIGHT. lime. However, since the composition Late blight, primarily a disease of of quick lime is not always constant, thepotato foliage, is most destructive itis. desirableicthatxthe mixture be g � 'tested since an excess of bluestone and in some years causes tremendous will injure the foliage. A testing losses. The starch which is stored up solution may be prepared by dissoly-' in the tubers is manufactured in the ing once -half ounce of potassium! leaves, hence loss is occasioned both ferro-cyanide in one-half pint of by the blighting of the tops and the water. This material is a poison.; consequent failure of the tubers to Sprinkle a few drops of this reagent' attain their normal size, as well as by on the surface of the spray mixture,' and if on striking the surface of the solution, a distinct brown color re- sults more lime should be added. As an insecticide 1% pounds of arsenate of lime should be added to each 40 Panning Mills and J.-Iow to 1two by ten, or two by eleven squarest to the inch. Use Them. Oats—Upper sieves: zinc sheets The points to observe in fanning I with slots seven, eight or nine sixty - seed grant are: first proper 'air blast; Ifourths inch wide by three-quarter second, Might size and combination of inch long. Lower sieve: pine sheets sieves; third, Tight speed; and fourth, with slots one-tenth to one -thirteenth running the grain evenly and thinly inch wide by one-half inch long. 1 over the. screens. I Thefeed should be adjusted to al - The wind supply or air blast in all low a thin, even flow of material over machines is provided to remove as the top sieve, with no crowding. A much of the lighter seed and chaff larger . quantity of impurities is re - as possible. Ifthe air blast is not moved when the grain travels slowly sufficiently strong, the chaff and over the sieves than when running pieces of straw will find their way! quickly ui kly over th of good fanning ma-, back into the sample,, bstrong, some of t while if the chines are always willing to give their, blast is toogood advice as to what sieves to use. Should grain inay be blown out. The air any particular problem arise and in blast also serves the purpose of keep - the tivell-known tuber rot which fol- lows an attack of the disease before and after the tubers are placed in storage. This loss can be greatly re- duced, if not entirely eliminated, by careful and thorough spraying with gallons of solution for the control of Bordeaux mixture. This should be potato beetles. Spraying should bo done whether the crop is being grown commenced about the middle of July. for "seed" or for table stock. When the plants are small an apple - The best spraying solution to use cation of about 60 gallons per acre is home-made Bordeaux mixture made will be sufficient. Tliis amount should up of 4 pounds copper sulphate (blue- be increased as the plants grow larg- stone), 4 pounds of quick lime, and er, using three nozzles for eaeh row 40 gallons of water. In maldng this so that both upper and . under slue- solution ursolution it will be found most con- faces of the leaves will be thoroughly venient to use stock solutions and to protected. The spray should be ap- dilute them as required. These .solo- plied under pressure of about 125 to tions are prepared as follows: 200 pounds. Experiments have shown Bluestone Stock Solution—This -is prepared by dissolving 40 pounds of copper sulphate in a barrel contain-, ing 40 gallons of water. A conven-' ient method is to place the chemical', in a sack and suspend it, over night,! in the barrel of water and just below the surface. A more rapid method is` to crush the bluestone crystals and dissolve it in a smaller quantity al hot water and make up to 40 gallon. i Each gallon of the solution will then, contain one pound of bluestone. Metal vessels must not be used in handling. this chemical. Lime Stock Solution—Slake 40 pounds of fresh quick lune in a barrel' by gradually adding water. Mix thor- : oughly and continue to add water, until the barrel contains 40 gallons.' The barrel of stock solutions shouldt be covered to keep out dirt and to prevent evaporation. When ready to, spray transfer four gallons of the stock solution of bluestone into the, spray tank and add 32 gallons of, water. Then add 4 gallons of the lime stock solution, pouring it through` a fine mesh strainer to remove all solid particles. This is most essential, as it will prevent the annoying clog- ging of the nozzles. Keep stirring the solution in the tank while adding the lime. The solution is now ready for use. Spray mixtures made in the above manner will usually contain the neces- ingthe sieves clean et the lighter uta- to send a. pound sample of the seed terial thus allowing them to do more to be cleaned to the fanning mill efficient work. A. trial of the air manufacturer for suggestio>lts as to blast should be made with each new sieves. lot of seed to be cleaned in order to I see that the correct amount of air is case of trouble, it is often advisable, 1 being supplied, 1 It also may be found necessary to' change or readjust the sieves to' get the best results. A good assortment of sieves is imperative and a test should be made with different types before undertaking to clean seed in that in circumstances four applica- tions may suffice during the season, but five or even six will generally give the best results. The later sprays, Get Ready for tie Grass- hoppers. Poison bait, if properly made and applied in time, will control at a very small cost serious outbreaks of grass- hoppers: Bran, 12 pounds; hardwood save - 'hat To Teach Young Children BY MARGARET CONN. RHOADS. Many farm mothers lament that patience stand a xnuch better c y.nce their days are so fully occupied that of not being strained. if the chiidr they are unable to give their little' can . perforin these duties for the children more time in .preparation for selves. school work. 1 Teach them to stay at a task until "I would like to start James on his it is °done. The child who' does net letters and number work," said a give up easily is the child who will mother to me the other , day. "He is outrun the more -timid in the school bright child. and I feel that he race. would advance rapidly in, his work if Give them playthings that will I only could." I teach them to use their hands. Cray- But my reply to her, based on my ons will be an aid to them, An old own experience and'that of many magazine and a box of children co./Hors ill Pdo wonders in teaching childrco./Horsprimary teachers, was: "Don't try! and in training their hands to keep on the teaching James either his letters or his number work. To -day all first- class teachers have been trained in methods of scientific teaching. They lines. Let them cut also teach them early how to. handle scirsors, providing them with the kindergar- ten wonderful ways of instructing ten scissors which have blunt ends. oue er" and your neighbor's Modeling clay or wax is'also recom- Y mended; it can be purchased wherever "Betty" in both number work and school supplies are sold and in many'` reading. And you might find, if you toy -shops. Modeling familiar objects had the time to spend teaching your not only trains the hands, but the eyes children their preliminary work for as well, developing a sense of propor- school, that this would prove but a tion that will be helpful in many handicap, for many home -taught Ail- ways. Provide pencils and p"per and dren have had to learn all over again. train the little hands in the proper order to ascertain those capable of dust, an equal bulk to the bran; Paris It is more difficult to forget ane meth- way of holding pencil and pen. doing the best work. The top sieves green, or white arsenic, 1 pounds; od and begin another than it is to Encourage the children to play should be large enough to allow the salt, 1 pound; water, 2 gallons. begin with the right one, games requiring fairness and accur- seed to pass through, the remainder Mix thoroughly in a. large box or But there are many things that the ace, Let them receive an occasional of the sample, such as chaff and pieces tub the bran, sawdust and Paris mother can teach her children in pre- beating in a game, for experience of of • straw, running over the top and green. Dissolve the salt in the water partition for the first school year. this kindwill teach them how to be - out at the end of the mill. Sometimes' and then gradually pour the liquid Teachers of consolidated schools and come good losers. it is expedient to deliver the , good upon the poison bran and sawdust, of all schools in rural districts tell One farm mother of my acquain- grain at the back of the mill. instead, mixing . thoroughly. In applying, me that one of the greatest hind- twice allowed her children to have a of at the usual feed oint in order to' scatter the mixture thinly over the rances they encounter in teaching the sum of money, all in coppers, five and p get rid of a certain impurity that cannot otherwise be removed. The • lower sieve or sieves should be large; h to allow the weed seeds or given when late blight is known to brenoke cause the greatest amount of damage, broken kernels to escape but fine when it is cold or dull. Twelve pounds their abnormal shyness. This is truly they played "keeping store they useii� enough to carry the good kernels over of bran and 1 pound of Paris green 'a great handicap. The farm mother real money with which to purchase the top. If wild buckwheat is present, is sufficient for two acres. a sieve with triangular 8-64 inch holes Modern agriculture must be organ - or slightly bigger will be found a infested field, sowing by hand like country child is shyness. Too often ten -cent pieces and quarters. They grain. The early morning on a bright these little children have been kept at are as careful not to lose any of this warm day is the best time to apply, home so much that, upon coming to money as if it were part of a game, as the hopper do not move very much school, they are made incompetent by such as checkers or dominoes. When should be applied with the utmost care. The omission or careless appli- cation of one spray at this time may undo all previous efforts at control. This is due to the fact that crops which are sprayed remain in a green, growing condition longer than they otherwise would. If the later applica- tions are not thoroughly applied the unprotected foliage will present favor- able conditions for the late blight fungus to become established. Even though the appearance and severity of the disease is usually dependent upon seasonal conditions, a grower will be amply repaid for the labor and expense of spraying in a season when no blight occurs by the obtaining of a larger yield. It is also desirable to increase the proportion of copper sul- phate in the later sprays—using the formula 6:4:40. In preparing this mixture the only difference is that six gallons of stock solution of blue - stone are added instead of four, and 30 gallons of water instead of 32. Commence spraying early before the disease makes its appearance. Spray before rather than after rains. Spray thoroughly.—J. B. MacCurry, Plant Pathologist. handy one to have. The following sieves will be found useful for the cleaning of seed grain: Wheat and barley—The upper sieve should be a zinc or tin perforated sheet with twelve, thirteen or fourteen sixty-fourth inch holes. The lower sieve should be either a perforated zinc sheet with eight or nine sixty- fourth inch holes or should be square woven wire mesh eight by eight or nine by nine squares to the inch, or long woven wire mesh two by nine, POULTRY ture provided after threshing time by the sweet clover that was sown in Gasping chicks are tee often sup- the small grain in the spring. Occa- posed to have gapes, when in reality sionally when we buy a new cow that they have something else the matter does not seem to like the sweet clover with them. In other words, gape- at first, she is given a Little grain or worms are not so common as is ire- dry feed until she will; eat the clover quently supposed. well. Cows on sweet clover need very Where they are common, however, little grain to keep up the milk flow they are a source of loss and trouble. to profitable production. This little worm, the female of which j When the cows 'are turned back in is four-fifths of an inch long and 1111111 the pasture at night, the flies do not brownish red in color, while the male is only a quarter of an inch long, gets into the bird's body through the ali- mentary tract. bother so much while they are feeding at night or lying down. Since the sweet clover provides a fine pasture from early spring until fall, it pro - IMaybe a bent front axle is prema- 1 turely wearing the treads of your front tires. ized agriculture. When the hens are working over- time laying twenty cent eggs, fill a ten or twenty gallon crock with them, using water glass as a preservative. who wishes to give her children a fair commodities, and in this way learned chance with the other children, will both the value of the different coins see to it that from babyhood her little and what amount of smaller coins it ones are allowed to make friends with took to make a quarter or a dime. both grown-ups and children outside! Reading to the children is one. of the immediate family. There are the best ways in which parents can opportunities for the farm child to instruct them. The child' who starts mingle with others. The Sunday-! school familiar with the rhythm al school affords an ideal opportunity; ! good poetry, or who has been taught then there are the trips to town and 1 to listen to a piece of worth -while community affairs which can be at- prose, is a long way ahead in the race tended by the whole family. The farm.for knowledge. Your child will find mother should also allow her children a true delight in his knowledge of When winter tames, allow each and to entertain their own friends occa-1 something the teacher brings out in every one their fill of eggs' and it will sionally, a wonderful way in which to 1.a. lesson. One day I was in a school - seem no time until biddy comes across cultivate poise and ease. room when the teacher quoted from with her fresh ones. The child can be taught obedience; a poen of Robert Louis Stevenson's, The female worm, which is filled vides milk that has no bad odor or with eggs, is expelled by the infested taste, and it points the way to econ- chick through coughing. The worm's omy in milk production. body then decays in the soil and the ----0 eggs hatch, provided there are the Elimination of Degeneration proper conditions of moisture and warmth. Potato Diseases. Home Education 'The Child's First School is the Family"—F'roebel" You Children's Belonging s — By Mrs. Nestor Noel. We hear a great deal about the great tears rolled slowly down her farmer who gives his children calves cheeks. '�� « and pigs and takes them away when What is it. I asked. Do you not want the doll?" these animals are grown. For years, "Oh, I do!" she cried, "But Helen people have been writing about this. has no doll, and they will give this There are other injustices which no to her as soon as they see it." one thinks much about, yet they are It was only by giving Helen an - just as serious because the same lack other doll that I could induce the mother to allow the elder sister to There is a common belief that an Degeneration diseases of potatoes intermediate host, such as the earth- are those such 'as mosaic, leaf curl, worm, is necessary, but this is not a curly dwarf, spindle tuber and the fact; there may be such a host, but like, which are known to be spread none is necessary for the completion in the field by aphids, plant lice, and of the life cycle. which can only be eliminated by re - The larvae which have thus hatched moving the source of .infection. The are then picked up by the chicks and source in every case can be traced to make their way into the trachea from tubers which were formed in diseased the gullet. Their presence sets up an hills the previous year. The aphids ,irritation and this causes the chick feed on the plants arising from these to gasp. tubers, and when they go to healthy The common method of removing ones they carry some of the infection these worms has been by means of .a with them, and in. the course of feed - feather or horsehair twisted around ing, inoculate the juice from the dis- in the trachea—that is, the windpipe. eased plant into the healthy one. In The worms are thus dislodged and the course of a few weeks the former - pulled out. This method, however, is ly healthy plant is diseased. dangerous and unnecessary. It is In order to prevent the spread of dangerous because the feather or these degeneration diseases it is nec- horsehair is apt to cause injury by essary to go through the field about ,tearing the trachea, thus exposing the time the plants are eight to ten ,these areas to infection. The same re- inches high and pull out all that ap- sults can be obtained without danger pear undesirable. In doing this be ar injury. sure to remove the entire plant eye- , The safe method consists in inject- tern, inchhding the seed piece. The ring into the trachea by means of a removal of plants in this way is hypodermic syringe . one cubi• c cents-, known as "rogueing." Two or three tmeter of a 6 per cent. solution of weeks later the field should be given ?sodium salicylate, the idea being to another thorough inspection and all 'Cause irritation and coughing, there- diseased -or undesirable plants rogued. not the kind that follows a mild,a poem from that admirable collection threat, but the kind that comes in- entitled "A Child's Garden of Verses." e stantly. The child who is taught at.: Instantly a smile spread over the fs home to pay attention to small corn- � of one of the children, and I re. , a mends and acts upon them at once, i that this child was an familiar is the one who will give attention to ground. He could hardly wait until any request of "teacher's" and will be the teacher had finished when up went the pupil who will command respect his hand and he said: "I can say all from the entire school body. M of that." You may -be sure he had The child can be taught cleanly; a chance to repeat the poem, and his habits. Too often mothers would be pleasure. was great in having had it surprised to find that their children 1 as a memory possession. are only mildly versed in the use of! Therefore, do not lament at lack of a handkerchief, in keeping their desk time to spend in preparing your child belongings in order and in being per-; in book knowledge. Direct the con- sonally neat. It adds so much to the versation at table to such affairs of assurance of a child to know that he' the day as are not over the children's is presentable in appearance. 'heads; when an opportunity affords of principle is there. . keep hers. Teach your children independence.) take your small children to places of I allude to the Cool way with which A child's mind is easily influenced Begin, when they are very small, by! interest and let them learn by seeing; the mother frequently takes a gift and it is while one is still very young allowing them to lace their shoes, even l let them mingle freely with your ac - received by one child and gives it to that clear ideas of right and wrong If they start such lessons with the I quaintances, teach them the simple shoes in their hands; teach them tos niceties and courtesies of .life and they put on mittens and rubbers; to hangwill overcome shyness and acquire another. A child has some rights! can be most easily implanted. Later Once you have given your daughter on, there will be many things that we something, even if it be but a doll, shall try to teach, and those first im- up their belongings and to button' book knowledge with • surprising this becomes hers for ever, unless she' pression will either help or hinder. their coats. "Teacher's" temper and rapidity. herself chooses to give it away. I recall a child of six to whom I gave several small presents. As soon It is at home that a child should be taught his first moral lessons. What S— mother is fit to teach if she be not the garden to see what was the mat- ter. as she returned home, her mother fair? !, THE CHILDREN'S "Theresingleleft," took them away, to give them to a Even a. very little child should be is not a worm younger sister! taught to respect his brothers' and told to give something she prizes to a toy to a younger one, the latter the baby to stop it crying. This is should be taught to be extra careful not good for the elder child. It makes of the toy because it "belongs'to Big her look on the baby as on an enemy 'Sister." • from whom her things must be hid- Each child should have a place foe den. It certainly is not good for the his own toys and these should not be gardens just the same as we do, for baby, because it makes her think that lent about indiscriminately by the they like crisp, fresh vegetables better anything will be given her, 'provided parent, especially while the owner is than you, my little reader, like candy. she cries loudly enough for it! away at school. I have seen mothers. Rolly and Bruin had the finest garden What sense of Justice can our chil-'lend toys when those to whom they! of all. The warns spring rains had dren have in later years, when theybelonged were . not thee to defend made everything grow and Bruin had HOUR said Bruin. "Where do you suppose Very frequently, an older girl is sisters' -toys. If an elder sister lends they have gone to?" Together they searched the rows to see which way the worms might have gone, but all they could find was hun- dreds of little, bird tracks. "Ah, I have it," said Bruin. "Our little bird that had the broken wing has come back and helped us for help- ing him. All those worms didn't go away, but were eaten by the birds." A little "chirp, chirp, chee-ehee" in a tree right over their heads made -are brought up in this manner? their property. .1 have known the big not allowed one weed to stick its head thein look up and there on the limb • was the. same little bird that had the Once when I gave a 'present to a children to hide theirthings away above the ground more than an inch. broken wing. he little girl she said, "Is it for me to case Mother might gi„m ve them to Baby" Every evening when the rest of the just winked keep?'t It seemed that other people in their absence. It • isaw ];oily and Bruin 'looking When him, s easy to see work was done, they would go out into his eye and off Lie flew But they war THE `LITTLE BIRD SAVES THE CABBAGES. In Woodland, the animal folks have by dislodging the worms. The chick coughs them out. Another is to feed one bulb of gar - tile a day for each ten birds. Asafoetida and tobacco may also !be used to cause the irritation and ?coughing. 1 DAIRY Our method of maintaining the milk 1jfow during the dry period is to pro- lvide an ideal all -summer pasture. For this purpose we grow the biennial ;white sweet clover: An acre of it will ,keep .snore" than one cow all summer aad the pasture will keep green and palatable mitt there b s=If pas - had given her things and she had not been allowed to keep them. There was another child to whom I gave a doll. I knew she had been longing, for one for years, yet'when I gave it to her, instead of being de- lighted as I had felt sure she would be, she looked at me sadly, while two that no true love can grow up be- the garden andsee just how far each! sure that he was the one who had tween mother and child under such new plant had grown that day. helped to save their cabbage plants. conditions. Mothers should be fair to all their children and not show favor- itism. Above all, mothers should teach the little ones as early as possible the difference between "mine" and "thine." It is also necessary at this time to re- move . any foreign varieties which may be present. Should it be neces- sary to rogue a field after the tubers have begun to form, care should be • taken to remove these as well as the plant. This will reduce to a minimum. the danger of disease being carried over to next year's crop by means of the tubers. Scissors in . the kitchen are handy for cutting :.rap greens., These are the days when files bite Hardest and the stock suffers. most from the pests. The Prince of Wales, photographed while watching a worker painting at theCaiuldron Pottery at Stoke during his recent two-day visit to the pot-. taxies' there. "I believe this lettuce has grown an inch since last night," said Roily, one evening just as the sun was kissing the earth good night. "Soon we can have some for supper." "Fine, fine," said Bruin, "and just look at these radishes. They will soon be ready, too." Walking over to the rows of cabbages, he called to . Roily, "Just look what's happened here." Now. Rolly had tended these cab- bages faithfully, for they were his. favorite vegetable, and he liked them better, than anything else .in their garden. • In answer to .Bruin's call, he came hopping over. But when hV looked at the cabbages, he felt very discouraged.' Little worms seemed to be everywhere on them, and some had big holes eaten in the leaves. Whit ragged looking cabbage plants! w • "Oh, the horrid worms," said Roily; "they will ruin my early _cabbages. What can we do?" . "Too bad, too bad," said Bruin, "but in the morning, perhaps, ` I can find something that will drive them away. Bright and early the next morning Brun was out in the garden' to see what he could do. Carefully he look- ed all the cabbage plants over, but there wasn't a single worm on them, "Oh, Roily, Rollt," he called, "conte here." And Roily went hurrying to Combat Potato Leafhopper With Bordeaux. Close observations have shown that the potato leafhopper is the cause of an injury that begins as a slightly yellowing, usually at the tip of a leaf. The injury progresses; the leaf turns brown, curls upward. and dies. The 1 disease spreads from the margin to- wards the midrib of the leaf most rapidly during dry,, hot weather. Early potatoes May be:so checked by loss of.'foliage as to reduce all pos- sible chance of profit` Bordeaux controls leafhgpper and "` prevents hoppeiburn. The. spraying must -be thoroughly done and must bF • applied to the underside of the leaf High pressure (160 lbs.) should bE used in order tocover the leaves with la fine mist. Three applications ars necessary and the addition .of 'an• arsenical to the_bordeaux will providt for the destruction of the Colorado potato beetle at the sante time: 0 Olive Trees Live Long The olive tree is exceptionally .long- lived, some still growing are said to be fully imo nave ofd. The Island ofMadatascnr has .s belt offorest twcrity`r il'cs'dt*ipwbir1 crmplete'* Encircles it.