HomeMy WebLinkAboutExeter Advocate, 1906-3-8, Page 6e
CURRENT TOPICS
eI an y
taus et
ne has yet stood on the summit
the higher Himalayas. Sten -
'have o
trove been made reach t
one crya.her , of these culminating
•-eataints, but all have failed.' The man
who holds the record for high climbing,
Dr, Workman, is not sanguine that any
of the highest peaks will be conquered,.
Coxwell and Glaisher attained in their
Galloon a. little higher altitude than the
top of Mount Everest, but that was a
very different thing' from reaching the
sante elevation above the sea and the
are strata of extremely rarefied air
eAbrough the tremendous exertion and
etrairi of pulling one's self up the steep-
est of ice slopes. Dangers are multiplied
on the Himalayan summits that are from
4,000 to nearly 6,000 feet higher than
Workman's recent climb. Every danger
^ of climbing in the Alps and Caucasus
Is intensified and the peril of rock or
snow avalanche is greater than has been
Irietin any other mountain region. We
have only recently heard of the accident
that last fall cost the lives of four men
who were struggling up the south slope
of Kangchenjunga, the third highest
mountain in the world.
As the traveller leaves the train that
has carried bine to Darjeeling he sees to
)be north of him one of the most magni-
ficent spectacles that the earth affords.
He sees the green of subtropical verdure
7 stretching far away;` -and seemingly
just beyond the green, but from forty -
live to fifty miles from Darjeeling, the
dazzling white of the Kangchenjunga
range is lifted into the upper air. The
high Himalayas of Nepal and Sikhice
are spread before his eyes. All of these
higher mountains have an elevation of
more than 20,000 feet. Some of them are
ore than 25,000 feet high; and a little
west of the centre of the range rises the
mighty mass of Kangchenjunga, over -
kipping all its brother summits. It is
28,150 feet high. The top of Mount
Everest may just be discerned far to
the northwest, so dwarfed by nearer
mountains that with all its 29,000 feet 11
seems insignificant; and hundreds of
miles further west is K2 of the Indian
Survey, which with its 28,280 feet over -
tops Karig'chenjunga baeonly 130 feet.
,Theeyeenetensottthern slope of Kangchen-
enga is often plainly in view from
Darjeeling, and it was on this southern
slope that the accident occurred.
To Mr. G. Crawley had organized a party
eaof alpinists to attempt the ascent of the
' :!hird highest mountain. He was joined
rem France by Messrs. Jacot-Guillar-
mod, ?ache • and Reymond, and the
Indian niovernment gave them an es-
arn of Gurkha mountaineers. It was
-_.:tl3rgsspects were favor-
uble. They ' It` e' :�^ng in high hope
of brilliant success. kew particulars of
the accident have been received, but it
is known that after the party bad as-
nded to a height of about 21,000 feet,
ling upward in two groups, six
men vika ;were roped together were
swept from, their feet by an avalanche
and .ea:Fried over a precipice. Pathe
and three Gurkhas were killed, ani
Jacor-Guhiarmod and De Right were
-*lea.dly wounded. Further climbing was
abandoned, but Mr. Crowley says that
he will renew the attempt.
Tjiis is the only attack of mountain-
eers upon the higher peaks of the Kang-
chenjunga range, and it remains to be
seen whether the tragical result will very
soon whet the appetite of alpinists for
further experience on the slopes of these
,rmicletle mountains. Douglas Fresh-
teld visited them several years ago to
dc -4 � some high climbing, but a fall of
three feet of snow just as he reached
the base of Kangchenjunga put an end
to his progress. He succeeded in pass-
ing entirely around the range and in
making a fairly good map of it; and the
clear atmospheric conditions after the
storm enabled Mr. Sella, the famous
mountain photographer, to obtain a
series of magnificent views of these
, • highest of the eastern biimalayas.
It was far to the west that Dr. Work-
man made his record ascent et 23,394
feet on Pyramid Peak. Last summer ne
gave to the British Alpine Club his
reasons for thinldng that Mount Everest
is not likely to be conquered in the near
future. He believes it cannot be ascend-
ed without means of transport superior
to any now obtainable; and after pro-
longed sieges, during which the moun-
taineers will have to meet and over-
come, . "not only the physical obstacles
;.presented by the peak itself, but also
those offered by altitude, heat, cold,
snow and wind, which become more ac-
centuated thehigher the points attain-
ed. One great difficulty is tbat it 's
almost Impossible to force the coolies
who are . needed to carry the camp
equipment up to a sufficiently high
i•z, point to snake the tops of these highest
summits attainable."
Dr. Workman Is convinced that the
limit et human endurance in extremely
rarefied air has been about reached. In
his camp at 19,358 feet the whole party
was kept awake by lack of air. They
wattle! done off and then awake with h
start, gasping for breath. In his opiri*
fon, camps must be established', at
heights of 28,000 to 25;000 feet to at-
tempt the flag assault on the summits;
and at these elevations, he says, sleep
May be entirely prevented Or interfered
with by defidfent oxygenation of the
blood to such an extent that a party
would be incapacitated from this clause
alone fMr4 .going any higher.
TROIJILES; AND SORROWS
The World's Burdens Are Light If
Divine Aid Is Asked
Take my yoke upon you and learn , f
me, ---,St. Matt. xi. 29. -'
There are those who consider that, In
these words, our Lord referred not to
a yoke and a burden whioh He was to
place upon us, but to the yoke and thin
burden which He Himself bore. "Come
unto me," they explain His words as
meaning, "study My example, My yoke
is easy. My burden is light. ' Be meek
and lowly in beart, as I am, and yours
shall be easy, yours, shall be light."
There are troubles and sorrows in. the
world which, so far as we can see, come
to men through no fault of their own,
which belong to their lot in life, to that
state into which it bas pleased . God to
call them.
These sorrows our Lord does not pro-
mise to remove, But He points to a
means by which they may be borne.
And what matters it whether you lighten
the loud or strengthen tbat which is to
bear the load?
Weight is but a relative term. That
which overtakes a fragile vehicle is but
a light burden for one . that is strongly
built. St, Paul was imperiled, impri-
soned, scourged, shipwrecaed, famished,
a -thirst, but none the less he cried: "I
reckon that the sufferings of this present
time are not worthy to be compared with
the glory that shall be revealed." St.
Paul was not heavy laden. You have
some load to bear and you feel that you
can hardly sustain it longer. You yearn
with all ..your heart for something that
you cannot have.
SOME TERRIBLE GRIEF
is gnawing at your soul. You have been
unfortunate- Prosperity seems' to have'
turned her back upon you. He looks
upon you in pity and in love, but He
says in effect: "1 cannot grant your
petition, You know not what you ask.
Your lot is ordered for your good. But
look back upon My life. I was perse
noted, I was despised. I had not where
to day My head. I died on the cross, yet
My yoke was easy, My burden was
light. .All through any life I had peace,
a peace which I left for My tollowers
for all time. Come unto Me. Be patient,
be meek, be lowly. Learn of Me, and,.
whatever your yoke and burden, you
shall find rest unto your soul."
And what ,except rest unto our souls
are we living for? What one thing is
there that Is worth the having if it bring
'not that? In the commercial' world a
man's ability, his skill, his experience;
are valued not at some definite figure,
but, by the inevitable law of supply and
demand, they are worth atany time and
in any given place precisely what they
will bring. Just so it is with the appar-
ent advantages of this lite. They are
worth only what they bring.
A man may seem to want for nothing
He may be envied of all and yet be ut-
terly destitute. Another may be.bereft
of friends, health, possessions and yet
be living in abundance because he has
that which the world with its utmost
favor cannot give, which the world with
its utmost cruelty and scorn cannot take
away. He has learned of Christ and his
yoke is easy and his burden is light.
"HOUSE-CLEANING A SHIP
11IOROUGBLY OVER JAULED AT END
OF EVERY TRIP.
Every Part of the Vessel, From First
Cabin to Steerage, is
"Touched Up."
"There is a general impression held
by many people," said the head stew-
ard of a big Atlantic liner to the writer
recently, "Mat just as soon as a ship
docks and the passengers have passed
down the gang -plank the crew makea
tee -line for theirrelatives or friends,
and have a good time on shore until
the return trip begins. This, 1 can as-
sure you, Is far from being the case, for
our hardest task begins almost the hour
the vessel casts her anchor. When I
tell you that between docking and de-
parture a liner has to be thoroughly
overhauled and cleaned from stem to
stern, inside and out, and all within
thirty-six hours or less, you will per-
haps begin to realize that our job is not
o light one.
"On the completion of each trip the
hull of the vessel is entirely re -painted,
the funnels scraped and brightened- with
a fresh coat of color, every bit of the
machinery overhauled, and even the
masts and rigging 'touched up.'
"There is accommodation in our ves-
sel for close on 3,000 souls, the greater
portion, of course, being sterage pas-
sengers. But the mere cleaning of the
fleet cabin dining saloon, where we can
seat nearly 500 guests without any re-
lay, is in itself a big task. The carpets
have to be taken up and beaten, each
table has to be re -polished, the floor
has to be cleaned until it
SIIINES LIKE A MIRROR,
every bit of paint and gilding has to 1'e
carefully washed, all the chairs Inspect-
ed and repolished, and a hundred other
things done before it can be passed as
ready for the passengers. And a sim-
ilar performance has to be gone through
with a second dining saloon, the din -
Ing -rooms, the library, the smoking-
rooms, etc. Then there are, perhaps,
40C state -rooms which have to be treat-
ed in the same way. as well . as forty
hathronms.
"But, perhaps, the biggest order of the
lot is connected with the 'furnishings.'
How would you like to have to sort,
count, and check over 30,000 pieces of
linen? It takes time, I can tell you,
though we get so used to it that the
work is performed marvellously quickly.
As you are probably aware, no linen
is ever washed on -board, and any man
found laundering even a duster would
b' dismissed , as soon as we reached
port. When the linen has been sorted
and counted it is placed in sacks, each
sack containing from 200 to 250 pieces,
and then sent in vans to the laundry.
On coming back it has all to. be gone
over again, carefully re-counted and
stored.
"Next comes the silverware, which
also has to be stored and counted, and
which may number anything from 15,-
000 to 20,000 pieces. During a trip hun—
dreds of spoons and forks mysteriously
disappear and are
NEVER ACCOUNTED FOR.
Passengers, 1 believe, think it perfectly
legitimate to annex a spoon or fork as
a souvenir of the trip, and though we
sometimes catch them in the act we
cannot say anything. But the loss to
the company in this way during a year
must be tremendous. •
"The glassware on a big liner very
seldom numbers fewer than 25,000 to
30,000 pieces, while the number of dish-
es, plates, cups, etc., often reaches 60,-
000, Every bit of this glass and china
has 10 be washed and polished• during
the 'house-cleaning,' though theft have
been kept scrupulously bright during
the "voyage. There is a man in charge
Of each department --One for the silver•
ware, one for the linen, one'for the
china, etc., and each of these men is in
turn answerable to me, bringing me MS
report and .informing me of the total
number of pieces that are on hand, so
that 1 can see at a glance what the loss
has been during the trip.
"Our foundry -bili for a ,single 'helmet
Cleaning, yotf may be fziterested to
learn, rarely falls below $1,2,50, while.
the account for soaps, cleaning materI-
als, paints, etc., always amounts to a
Iagh figure. Every sheet, towel, table-
cloth, etc., which is found to be frayed
or worn
IN THE SLIGHTEST DEGREE
i a thrown aside and its place taken l.y
a new one, for no 'rags' are toleratgd
on a first-class liner. During a trip we
use something like 300 Tnrkish towels,
each as large as a sheet, and a thousand
smaller ones for the -first cabin alone.
"In the steerage the cleaning is con-
ducted on somewhat different lines.
Everything that might be damaged by
water is taken out .of the 'cabins,' if you
can call them cabins, end then the hose
is brought into play. The water pene-
trates every nook and cranny, and the
whole place is scrubbed from top to
bottom. You might suppose that this
wholesale 'swabbing' would leave the
teerage somewhat damp, and so it
does, but by the time we are ready for
leaving port everything• is as dry asa
hone. Altogether 'house-cleaning' on a
Prier is a bigger job :than you night; at
first guess, and f sometimes think my-
self that it is rather remarkable that
we are able to get through so much in
so small space of time."
-4
AFRICAN MILLIONAIRE'S FEAST.
London Entertainment in "Which a Pony
" Played Part of Waiter.
In fulfilment of a promise to his
friends that on the conclusion of peace
between Russia and Japan he would en-
tertain them at dinner, Mr. H. I3arnato,
who has only just returned to England,
was the Bost at a remarkable celebra-
tion at the New Gaiety Restaurant, Lon-
don.
1 -le had given Mr. Nobile, the manager,
absolute freedom to prepare a banquet
worthy of the occasion, and although
Mr. Nobile had only twenty-four hours'
notice, he achieved remarkable results.
Mr. Barnato and his thirteen guests
every one of them millionaire diamond
merchants—sat dotan to a dinner of a
costly and novel character.
A circular table, specially made for the
occasion, enclosed a huge tank, in which
floated model Japanese warships, over-
looked by a miniature Port Arthur.
When the guests entered the dining -
room was in semi -darkness.
At the moment of their entry beauti-
ful fireworks blazed out from the war-
ships and fort, eliciting a round of ap-
plause from the delighted guests.
Then the lights Were turned up, and
the most beautiful decorations were re-
vealed, English and Japanese flags and
flowers being artistically arranged over
the table and round the room.
The piece de resistance was a lamb,
roasted whole, brought into the room by
a small black pony, who walked round
the • table while each guest selected a
portion to his liking. Even the pony
enjoyed the proceedings, and showed
great reluctance to quit the room.
At the end of the dinner two ships,
carved out of real ice, over which real
fireworks beautifully played, were
wheeled in on a trolley.
Among 'the dishes may be mentioned:
Whitebait a la Port Arthur.
Coupe a la Mikado.
Gobelets des fruits frappes la Russe.
Mr. Bernath himself was astonished
and delighted at the novelty and ap-
propriateness of the entertainment.
JUST THE REVERSE.
A kind-hearted and witty clergyman,
g ,,
entering the house of one of his elders
cne morning, found the good old man
unmercifully whipping one of his sons,
a lad of about fourteen years old, and
he at once hogan 10 intercede for the
boy:.
The deacon defended him by saying
that "the youth must be early, trained
in the 'way' it should go. It is best to
make • an impression when the wax is
NUft."
"Yes,' said the pastor, "but that does
not hold here, for the whaelcs were not
soft."
The deacon let the boy go.
Customer ---"Look ,here, this bicycle
bought only three weeks ago has all
,gone to pieces. Dealer--• Yes, sir. ,You
remember I warranted it to go feet,'"
*************
Npi
HOME.
:***********1
. WITH THE APPLE.
Apple Amber (an English recipe). •—
Peet, chap and core three-quarters of
a pound of apples adding to this six
ounces of bread crumbs, two ounces each
of flour and sugar and four ounces of
line chopped suet. Mix with these in-
gredients two well -beaten eggs, one half
nutmeg grated and grated peel of a le-
mon. Butter a pudding mold, and when
the mixture has been poured into it tle
a cloth over the top; place in hard boil-
ing water and keep, at boiling point 8
hours,
Apple Charlotte (English recipe)—Cov-
et
ecipe)--Cowet one-half box of gelatine with one-half
cup of cold water and let stand one-half
hour, then plaoe over hot water for an -
ether half hour. „Meantime whip well
tine pint cream and place in an ice-cold
bowl (over snow or ice if passible), Beat
lightly Into the cream two large, tart,
grated apples and . the grated rind and
juice of an orange or lemon. Strain in-
to this the warm gelatine; stir quickly
till thoroughly mixed then turn into a
mold and set aside to harden. Serve
with rich milk or cream.
English. Apple Tart— Pare and core
apples and stew gently till tender enough
tc be pierced with broom splint, .Line
s baking dish with this pie paste and
take till a pale brown. In this place the
aimless. carefully, not to break them,
and in their centres drop...a spoonful of
peach or orange marmalade. Place
marmalade between them, also. Cover
the top with a lattice of narrow strips'
or paste interwoven and bake. in .a quick-
oven, Serve hot.
Scotch Apple Tart.—Peel, core and
quarter as many apples as desired and
set in a crock in the oven with neither.
water nor sugar. When soft mix with
raisins, Sultanas preferably, allowing
cne-quarter pound of raisins to one
pound of apples. Place in a flat baking
dish, sprinkle with sugar and grated
lemon, _cover with a good paste and
baker Serve cold.
German Apple Cake.—In making up
yeast bread keep out one cup sponge,
adding to it one-half cup sugar, one
tablespoon shortening, one salt -spoon
salt, one cup of milk, and sufficient flour
to make a soft dough like cake batter.
Spread this halt inch thick in a well -
greased pan and spread on it thin slic-
ed apple in rows, sharp side pressed
down. Let . tiffs rise one-half hour in
warm place, then sprinkle with one-half
cup of sugar and cinnamon mixed and
fake in moderate oven. Some cooks
prefer adding an egg to the dough, and
l.utter with other spices than cinnamon
to the top.
WAYS WITH FISH.
Salmi . of Mackerel.—Freshen for two
hours in water a salt, fat mackerel, and
then simmer it in a little water and but-
ter, which save. Lift out of the pan (a
flat one), take out. the bone, remove head
and tail, and cut to very small cutlets.
Have cooked eight or more potatoes,
egg size, peeled, boiled in salted water,
tender, but not not breaking. Make a
white sauce of the mackerel, cooking
nater and equal quantity of milk (not
cream), and make an oval on a hot serv-
ing dish; lay these around the plate,
first dipping each potato into the sauce
so as to coat all well. Then dip each
piece of mackerel into the sauce and lay
in centre of the potatoes. Always
serve fennel with mackerel if posssible.
11 not, water cress or lettuce, and man-
age to have some white mackerel sauce
to serve apart.
New England Codfish,—The woman
who asked for desecrated codfish was
not so far off, so 8o not use that kind.
Take nine pounds of middle best cod-
fish and wash well and soak for three
hours or more if very salt, cook until
it will flake, saving the_water for a cod-
fish sauce. Flake, not small, and keep
hot. Make a sauce out of the water,
two ounces of butter, equal quantity of
milk, a small onion, grated fine, and
Our mixed in milk until the sauce is of
a thick cream consistency. Make an-
other small quantity 'of tomato sauce
end breadcrumbs, seasoned, smooth and
without lumps of bread in it. This gives
two sauces. Have desired quantity of
potatoes mashed white and ,fine. Serve
the codfish on a hot dish, having first
put it in the white sauce and taken it
out again. Trim the edge with dice of
salt pork, first boiled, cold, and then
fried and with water cress or parsley
with the and,
and two dishes of sauce
flanking it. .
. Haddock with .Herbs: Take a fresh
haddock weighing two pounds or a little
less, clean and wipe dry and season
with salt and pepper. Put inside a stuf-
fing of fine bread crumbs without crust,
well mixed with one grated onion, a
tablespoon of parsley chopped fine, a.
tablespoon of butter, an egg, and milk
to make a stiff paste. In the baking pan
put water half way up to the fish, three
medium sized onions, a layer of parsley
ir branches, a fresh lemon sliced, salt
and pepper. Lay the fish on this and
lay on it three strips of good raw ba-
con. - Bake in a brisk oven thirty min-
utes. Strain the liquid for sauce and
make another with the herbs, and strain.
Orolans molasses, etre-half cupful of but-
ler and two tablespoonfuls of vinegar.
When nearly done, add a pinch of soda.
r
Beat it hard after talent, it from the tire.
Uncooked Fillings—Put the unbeaten
white of one egg and a tablespoonful of
stir
water, milk or cream in a dish and
iii confectioner's sugar until the require
ee thicknes, Add flavoring at the bo-
ginning. An infinite number of varia-
tionscan be made by using a few drops
cf coloring matter, the Fated rind and
iuice of an orange or lemon instead of
the water, cocoanut, chocolate grated•
and nnelted, or dry powdered cocoa, nut
meats, chopped raisins, etc. . Like the
small boy who ran away from home for
We, end returned, repentant, within
twohours, before his mother had miss-
al him, and who remarked gravely, "I
see you keep the same old cat," you
can use "the same old calve" and by the
use of a little wit in making a variety
of icings no one will ever recognize it
ae an old; familiar friend, while you
will earn a reputation in your home and
among your friends as a cook of mar-
velous exeperience and infinite variety.
HOUSEHOLD HINTS.
To cool the oven,—If when you are
baking anything the oven gets too hot,
put in a basin of cold water instead of
leaving the door open. This cools the
oven, and the steam rising from the
water prevents the contents burning.
When cooked In a gas -oven a basin or
tin of water should always be kept in
the oven.
A floor should neverebe swept ina
room where there is a contagious pa-
tient. 11 should be washed with a cloth
dipped in borax water, so that no. dust
annoys the 'patient and no clouds of
germs ar• • flung. up in, the air to drift
out of. the .indow.
ChoO.5
1n E
s.— -
should be care-
fully
Eggs.—Eggs ggS O
fully chosen; for they differ greatly, not
'only in the inside, but on? the - outs:id.3'
also. Choose dull ones as being the
freshest, and brown ones as being the
best flavored and having the largest
yolks.
How to Wash a Corset.—Remove the
steels, then lay the corset on a table or
board and scrub with a stiff brush, us-
ing a lather made of white soap. Rinse
beneath a lap with cold water, pull
straight, and allow to dry. •e
To Keep Dust from a Cistern.—Get a
Piece of thin wood and place it against
the wall three inches above the cistern,
the other side to rest on the edge of it,
which allows -the air to get to the water
and at the same time keeps out all dust
and dirt. The board can be removed
at any time, cleaned and replaced, and
the water is always fresh.
FILLINGS AND ICINGS FOR CAKES.
• The following icings can; be used with
any good layer Cake recipe:
Maple Sugar Icing --This is especially
good for black fruit cake andis made
tie follows: To one cup of grated maple
sugar add four tablespoonfuls of water
and boil until brittle when dropped into
cold water: Remove from the fire and
pour immediately in a flne stream up-
on the beaten white of an egg, beating
it constantly while doing so and until
cold.
Carmel Filling—Two cupfuls of brown
sugar, one-half Cupful of Sweet cream,
batter size of az'i egg, one tablespoonfel
vanilla added after other Ingredients
have boiled until thick. Beat hard while
it is cooling and spread immediately be -
WW1 the lavers,
Walnut Carmel Pilling--tJse recipe
just given and after taking fromthe flro
add otic cupful of chopped Walnut
meals.
Butter Scotch I rllrri„ 1.1oi1 together
one cupful of brown sugar, orie of New
THE SUNDAY SCROOL
INTERNATIONAL LESSON,
MARCH 11.
Lesson X. The Tongue and the Temper.
Golden Text, Psa. 141. 3.
LESSON WORD STUDIES.
Note.—The text of the Revised Version
is used as a basis for these Word
Studies.
"I say unto you."—Perhaps the most
pronounced characteristic of the teach-
ing of Jesus was the authority with
which he spoke. His was no borrowed
philosophy of life, his no conception of
the kingdom of heaven to which he had
fallen heir as a member of his own gen-
eration and nation, his no wisdom gained
from books or human teachers. His
teaching was his own, and his knowledge
of men and. of God he obtained first-
hand; the former, largely at least, from
sympathetic contact with and keen ob-
servation of men; the latter, from the
hidden wellspring of divinity in his na-
ture. In contrasting the fundamental
principles of his teaching with the Old
Testament law and tradition, as he does
in verses 21-48 of this chapter, and es-
pecially in asserting the superiority and
higher authority of the principles which
he enunciated, Jesus placed himself on
record as one who believed in the pro-
gressive character of revelation. The
old law and the ancient tradition had to
be superseded by these higher standards
of life and action set by himself and ex-
emplified in his own life. When now
we consider what is implied in this as-
sumption by Jesus of authority superior
not only to that of all other teachers of
the Jewish nation in his day, but of
authority superior to that of the Old
Testament law itself, we are confronted
by an alternative from which we cannot
escape. Either Jesus was all that he
claimed to be, divine Son of God, and
only Bevealer of the Father, or he was
self -deceived and a deceiver of others.
But the ethical purity of his life and the
unparalleled quality of his teaching, to-
gether with the historical fact of the
great Christian Church, representing the
rich fruitage of that life and that teach-
ing, make it impossible for any candid
and thoughtful person to accept the
latter of the two alternatives.
Verse 33. Ye have heard that it was
said—The great bulk of religious teach-
ing among the Jews consisted of oral
traditions and rabbinical interpretations,
clustering about the written Old Testa-
ment law. The meaning of the written
law on the points to which Jesus was
about to refer had been distorted by the
amplification and misapplication to
which it was subjected at the hands of
this oral tradition.
Them of old time—The Old Testament
patriarchs.
Forswear—Swear falsely, commit per-
jury. Special reference to the third com-
mandment may have been intended
(comp. also Lev. 19. 12; Num. 30. 2;
Deur 23. 21).
34. Swear not at all—The Oriental even
o! to -day makes constant use of oaths.
In the following verses are mentioned
some of . the 'things by which the Jews
Were Vn. the habit of swearing. Even to-
day the natives of Palestine and adjoin-
ing countries are given to the use of
similar oaths, none of which except the
oath in which the name of God himself
is used, being considered binding. The
prohibition intended must.be understood
as applying to those frequent rash and
Careless oaths in daily Conversation, not
to the solenin oaths taken in courts of
justice and which in those days were re-
quired as they tare in our own time.
Verse 87 presents the positive side of
-
our Lord's teaching of which uh we here
have the negative side,
Neither by the heaven—One of the
rabbinical sayings was, "As heaven and
earth shall pass away, so passeth away
the oath taken by them." Jesus intendeai
to point out both that a false
oath by
whatever thing taken is wrong because
false, and- that the false oath ,taken by,
heaven, by the earth, or by Jerusalem
is, because of the necessarily intimate.
thought association between these and
God, a profaning of God's naino:
36. By the head—One of the most
common forms of the oath.
37. Yea, yea; Nay, nay—A straight-
forward yes or no is sufficient. These
in God's sight are just as sacred and
binding as any foam of oath can be. The
mere repetition of the word is a suffi-
cient emphasis of the promise or refusal
Involved to indicate that it has not betel'
spoken. carelessly.
The evil one—Satan, the father of lies.
38. Ari eye for an eye—The law in
Exod. 21. 22-25 exacts "life for life, eye
for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand,
foot for foot, burning for burning,
wound for wound, stripe for stripe,"
frim the person inflicting' an injury or
death upon his fellow,: The principle of
equivalent retribution was recognized by
the laws of all ancient peoples. The
scribes, however, falsely interpreted the
law when they made it an excuse for
the gratification, of personal vengeance,
and deduced from the law that it was
morally right for individuals thus to.
execute revenge.
39. Resist not him that is - evil --There
is a great difference between the resist
tance which Jesus . here prohibits; which
is a resistance against the evil wrongly
brought upon the innocent—as, for •llt.
stance, the suffering and death of Owlet,
which he resisted • not --and meek sub-
mission to all forms of personal indig•
nity heaped upon one by the vulgar ani
the wicked, ,as isindicated by our Lords
personal example in resenting, the action
of the officer who in thc4 presence of tette
high priest struck him while on • trial
(comp. John 18. 22, 23).
41. Compel thee, to go one mile -The
verb in this sentence is of Persian ori-
gin, and signifies literally "to press into
service, as a courier" for the royal post!,
and in its more general usage also "to
force to be a guide:" Thus a man tra-
velling past a post -station was liable to
be seized by the officers of the station
and pressed into.• service of the king or
emperor and forced to carry a letter or
accompany another person back to the
next station along the road over which
he had come in his journey, or in some
other direction, and this to the delay and.
detriment of his own errand and bust•
ness. This custom was one of the exaob
tions suffered by the Jews under tea
Romans, by whom it had been borowed
from the Persians. Jesus exhorts to a
cheerful submission to the law of the
land, and a general wilingness to servd
even beyond the legal requirement.
43. Neighbor—This is one of the many
words _ to which Christianity and the
New Testament have given a broader
and a higher meaning. In the parable
of the good Samaritan (Luke 10. 29-371
Jesus makes plain this broader meaning.
of the word as used by himself.
45. Sons of your Father—Sons in
truth, having his spirit and akin to him
in character.
46. Publicans—That is, tax coflegtors
though not in 'the sense in which than
word is used in our country and in our
day. It was customary for the central
government of a large empire in olden
times to sell the revenues of the different
individual provinces composing the em-
pire to the highest bidder, who then ap-
pointed his own officers to collect from
the people as much as possible. The
publicans mentioned in the New Testa-
ment are the lower or subordinate class
of taxgatherers to whom the higher
officers or contractors sublet the collec-
tion of taxes. These men as well as
their superiors aimed to become wealthy
by exacting more than the amount which
they had paid for the privilege, and thus
the system resulted in great cruelty'and
oppression of the common people, es-
pecially of the smaller property owners:
A Jew who consented to become a tax
officer of this kind and to extort taxes
from his fellow countrymen to be paid
to the hated Raman authorities • was
above all men despised by his fellow.
Jews.
48. Ye therefore shall be perfect—No.
thing less, no national or other stan-
dard short of God's own standard of
right and of love, shall satisfy you.
As your heavenly Father is perfect—
Not, however, in absolute knowledge and
power, nor yet in absolute ethical per-
fection,
erfection, jn , sinlessness:: but _ in purpose
and aspirations rather, having the ideal
of God's own goodness ever before yea
as the ultimate goal of that purpose and
of those aspirations.
NEW LIMIT IN MEASUREMENT.
Can Get Records up to One Seventy-
Millionth Fart of an Inch.
Dr. P. E. Shaw, physical science leo-
Curer at University College, Nottingham.
England, has constructed an instrument
of marvelous delicacy, whereby measure-
ments up to the one seventy -millionth
part of an inch can be made... He has
been experimenting almost nighlly on
this instrument for five years, working.
in vaults under the university. He had
to work at night; when all the factories
were closed and traffic in the streetwas
suspended.
The arinaratus has to be suspended by,
rubber bands from a specially -made
frame in a - box covered with thick felt
The delicacy of the instrument is such
that the vibrations of aneengine 100 yards
from the vault make it impossible 'o
work with it..
It has already been applied to practi-
cal use in the improvement of tele-
phones. It will measure the smallest
auu i ie movement of the ,telephone dia-
phragm, 1t is also expected to benefit
the wireless system, acting as the most
delicate coherer, and will aid physicists
in studying nature, possibly even the
movements of the-molect'11es of matter.
A MUTUAL SACRIFICE.
Mrs. Klubbs (severely) --'"I've been it
ing awake these three hours waiting for
you to come home. -
Mr. Klubbs (ruefully)—"Geer Arid I've
been staying away three hours, wail.
ing for yeti le go to sleep.'
When a man funs In every othe,
way to attract attention, he should gel
a pair of. squeaky shoes.