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HomeMy WebLinkAboutThe Wingham Advance, 1917-07-05, Page 3BEWSI, Theo who have their be in box hives ebeent at one° invemtleata the Modern movable -frame hive, With thia hive it Is Peaelble to maulpule.te the bees so as etteatlY to ipereeea tho crop, It may be remerabered that this hive WIII not be anY 'better than a. box unlese the bee keeper studietz the businese and glyee the bees prompt and Intelligent attention. In box hives It le imposeible to give bees the risen Care. Thoee who already have their bees in moveble frame hives ehould do their utmoat to prevent exceseive aWaxnetng. ExeePt in case e where It is de lama to litorease the apiary, swarm- ing ehculd be entirelY Prevented to far aa roasible. In no case 'Mould more than one sWierm be, permitted to issue fiVin • eelenv. If a swarm does Ja' ime Place it in a hive In the exact loesetionof the parent colony andinove the parent colenY toe. new place. They eau later be united if desired. Remember that swarm - ins during' a honey flow decreasee the crop,. The bees !meet be given plenty oe room in which to store their honey. If one 'supper ia allowed to beeome full before. another is added, the crop will he out in. two, it ie best to Puy bees locally to avoid danger in shipping, If they are not ot the desired race queens may be obtained by men from breeders. Italian bees are recommended for all purposes. CARDIN.A.L POINTS WITH BEES. Bees need in sprint( plenty of atores. Pletty of room for brood, rearing and plenty of protection. Swarming during a honey flow ls un- deeirable, because it reduces the crop. - Dering a honey flow bee* should be given plenty of atorage room. Neglect of this may loze half the erop. Bees need protection from cold and 'wind ip all parts of the country In which tihe 'winter temperature la -often as low as freezing, Comb honey (in 13 ections) ahould be peeduced only from white honeys and when the honey flow ix rapid. Chuck oe balk eorab honey la unsuited for any mar- ket except the local one. The successful bee steeper is he who studies hls bees and is prompt with his xnanepulations. Beekeeping is not a paying businesa for the 13h1ftless bee keeper. The specialist bee keeper is the =Mat desirable from the standpoint of the industry because the Mall holder usually has not sufficient Interest to .work. There is no reason, however why s, few colonies a bees will not be profit- able provided the owner gives them in- telligent seem. It /* ItenpossIble to keep bees with profit in bo -hive e or "gtuns." The use of movable -frame hives cannot be urged too streng13r. It doesi not pay to cultivate any plant for bees. There is plenty of nectar avail- able in almost every community. If ea any time bees are ehort of stores, teed a, eyrup made of granulated augur. Do not let the bees starve, as they of- ten do in neglected aple,ries in 'winter. FILP.M NEWS AND VIEW. The prineipal value of a.pplee as food or stoek Is in the fact that they com- bine well with other foods, furnishing a balanced ration which is far superior to that usually given to stock. They aid dLgestion, satisfy the a,ppetite and give tone to the system, As a single diet appies are not good for fattening, not good znuscle build- ers and not good egg or milk producers. The hest way to treat a lousy horse is to clip him. Then put half a pound of any tobacco in a quart of boiling' water and coyer it. Allow to simmer for five cr six hours, then with a sponge wet With this tobacco tea, bathe tho horse from head to tall; in two or three hours give a thorough °brushing, and repeut if necessary in two of three hours. Summer squashes are to many an at- tractive addition to the home garden. Their culture is easy. Two or three hills 'will furnish enough for an average -sized family. These squashes are not fastidious as to soils, though they, like rnost garden Planta, Prefer is. 'warm, 'sandy loam. The most important requirements for suc- cess are abundance of manure and good eultive.tion. The hills may be paced five or, six feet apart. Tha. plants will occupy the ground all summer if the fruits are harvested at usable stage. In preparing a "hill' for the plant- ing of summer equashea, a hole two and one half feet square and 12 inches deep should. be dug; a bushel basket of man- ure „should then be thoroughly mixed 'with the excavated sell, which is then replaced in the hole. It ts better to WM well -rotted manure, but if the mixing with aoil is properly done there 'will be little danger of heating from fresh strawy manure. With chicken manure, use only one-half of this quantity. This preparation can very well be done as ..eoen as the ground is In condition for "'working in spring. Searashea are tender plants, and can - 0t endure the slightest froet, so seed Should not be planted until the soil is Well warmed. Ten or 0. dozen seeds are planted usually in each hill. These should nuttily be thinned to one or two'selants. The soil must be stirred by shallow cul- tivation untll tee, plants cover the Bole There are in use several types of these 'as -meshes. They must eel be used while very immature; If the thumb nail does not very readily puncture the skin of the trait, it is oast its best stage. The transferring, of pollen from tree to tree must be done by insects, and the honey bee Is the most reliable in the performance of this -work. Garget is due to Injury to bag or con- gestion of the milk from an obstruction in teats so that all milk cannot be re- moved, Remove any of these causes, then give 30 drops of each aconite and belladonna tincture, three or four times e. day, and either wet »as' with warm camphorated oil or ' paint lightly with tincture 'Mane. Do tiot give much grain and no cornmeal daring treatment. E.Ceerp bowels in a relaxed condition. Hutnue is the substance formed in the soll by decaying vegetable matter, sueli as leaves, stubble, roots, manure, crop plowed under and so on. Humus' not only comprises elements of plant food itself, but it has the lrower a holding tne necessary nitrates of fer- tile toil to prevent their escaping through washing or other meatus. It also has the effect of a sponge in absorbing and hold- ing moisture in pooltion and form avail- able for the tale of growing plants and aids in keeping the soil porus. Humus ha indispensable to plant growth. Poor crepe are 1n many caees due to its lock. .A. great ald to the hog raiser is; a finnan crop of pumpkins. These can be grown at a email cost, and form a vat- pable addition to the rations of hogs. The value does not Ile entirely in their nutritive composition, but is due largely to the beneficial effects on the digestive treat, 'as they tend to regulate the bow- els. It is asserted that the seeds are valuable as a vermifuge, Pumpkins may be grown in the corn- fields, •eagecially where there Is a poor stand. Sheep return more and better fertility to enrich the soil and distribute the same more evenly than any other class Of stook, . In a horse symmetry of feria is neces- sary for strength, correct proportion and perfect developMent. No Longer Skinny. The Word "skinny" has gone out of fashion. In the old days when a girl Wu so thin and hungry looking she awned her Mother's pantry that was What they called her, but a more Mod- ern description, is that she has a snug- tive, (spirituelle aloe -New York Sun, ormrossa HAIR GOODS —FOR ---- LADIES AND GENTLEMEN Mailed at lowed possible prices., conalitent with high-grade work, Our Natural Weary 3 -Strand Switches at OA, COO end $L® In ali shades are leaders with us. Just send on your ietaple, or write for anything In our line. GENTLEMEN'S TOUPEES at $25.00 and $36.10, that defy &teas tion when worn. •••••••••••1•••••••••1111•01111••••••11 Worth Knowing. All rubbing and wringing by twist- ing, is harmful when washing wool- lens; be sure to rinse out all the soap - A. chicken for broiling should be wrapped in a buttered paper bag, Thie Will aeep the meat moist and retain flavor, The stove with a red top will have a cool oven, Never mix any salad with, dressing until you are ready to use it. A very practical way to finish a floor is to paint it with linseed oil. A boot tree is an excellent thing to use when darning a stocking. It helps In. shaping the darns to the foot. Paper bag cookery is peculiarly suit- able for fieb. They are much more delightful when cooked by this method. When boiling eggs, always have the water boiling when eggs are put in, and then boll them for two minutes. Jelly bags, pudding cloths and strainer cloths should be thrown into clear, warm water !immediately after using. 4 • • 4 THE CLOVE, Something- About a Well -Known Article of Commerce. The clove has been the text of jokes ever since men hit apon it as a means of disguising, or rather overpowering, the odor of other things wnich they put in their mouths. The joke is per- haps nearly as old as the clove, and as old as man and his fondness for strong drink. Notwithstanding that the clove has been so usefal as a humorous subject, it is really an important little thing in the commerce of the world, and has been for many centuries. The tree of which it is the bud is indigenous to the Moluccas, often called the Spice Islands, a small group of Islands of the Indian archipelago. The treasures of these spice islands were the lure of many of the early navigators of the far eastern seas. It has been written: "Cloves were one of the principal ori- ental spices that early excited the cu. pidity of western comntercial commun- ities, having been the basis of a rich and lucrative trade from the early part of the ,Christian era." After the Cape of Good Hope had been circumnavigated by Vasco de Gera and his hardy adventurers, the Portuguese took possession of the clove trade and held it in their control until the opening years of the lath century, when the Dutch took forcible posses- sion of the Spice Islands. Not content with the produce of the wild cloce trees, they set out clove plantations in the alolucca Islands, as well as in many of the neighboring Islands, and these parts of the world continue to this day to be the chief source of the supply of cloves, though they are now cultivated in a number of other lands, but the cloves of the Indian archi- pelago remain the standard cloves of commerce. The clove tree has been iatroduced into the western world and now is, and for more than a eentury has been, grown in Brazil, Guiana and the West Indian Islands. Clove trees now grow in groves in the Island of alairriaue, where plantations were set out under the...auspices of the French in the 18th century, and 10 Zanzibar and Pemba. These last-named islands, of the east coast of Africa, have become import- ant producers of doves. Java and Sumatra, in the east, also make their contribution to the world's supply of Cloves. ' The word "clove" has come down from the French word "clou," which means a nail, because of the resem- blance, partly real and partly fanci- ful, 'which the dried clove bears to a nail. Though the clove had had for cen- turies and still has an honorable stand- ing in the culinary art as a condiment, It has long held a place in the distilla- tion of liquor and in medicine. Nearly everybody knows something about oil of cloves, and meet persons at one time or another have used It as a remedy or palliative for toothache, it being a valuable local anaesthetic which has found use in professional dentistry as a means of lowering the sensitiveness of the dentine of a tooth undergoing repairs. Oil of cloves is obtained from clovee by distillation, and the principal con- stituent of this volatile oil is called by chemists eugenol, Another of the main constituents of oil of 'cloves is hydrocarbon, Most persons by press- ing hard upon a cloVe, or by biting it, have observed that it contains a very pungent ,volatile oil. In the Pharma- copeia cloves are rated as of value as O ionic and carminative, but their principal employment in pharmacy Is in Connection With some other rem- edy. The clove is the flower bud of a tree called by botanists aEgenia, caryophyl- lata." It is an evergeen and grows from 80 to 40 feet tall. It has crimson flowers that bloom in dusters at the ends of small branches. There are usually front ten to twenty flowers in a cluster. The leaves of the tree are large and oblong. The cloves, whic.h aer the undeveloped and unfolded buds, are at first white, then. light green and,at the time they are ma- ture eilOugh for harvesting are bright red, In a dried clove (me can cattily iden- tify the four sepals of the flower, while the fall in the centre of the clove is formed by' the four petals, which had not unfolded at the time of gathering the buds It Is said that a clove tree begins to bear when it has reachea the age Of ten yeara, and if it remains healthy it will continue to be produc. tive until it has passed the age ol three-quarters of O. eentUry. The tin ripe bude are generally beaten from the tree by Poles and are taught Itt sheets spread on the ground. After bet/1g gathered they are dried ill the sun, Clove planters generally harveat MO Crops a year freen the !same tree. The flvst erop eeMes into bearing hi Jane and the ?second Crop in Deaentber, WitaingtOU Star. MINTZ'S HAIR GOODS ESI?ORIUM 62 KIND ST, W, HAMILTON, ONT, (Formerly llama i. Mints), ..ee=leat;eala 11•1••••••• 4.' 4 FOR THE 4 AVERAGE PERSON ,s1 IgkalggatfMAIQUUMINNEUTIMME 41a •44,0 ; 411, alf, a e ese . . •••••, ••••• ••••••31 •••••• ••••••• 4Se BRITAIN'S aMIGRATION VIEW even more in Proportion than those of blagland is beginning to wonder men. The fragmentary testimony that whether, after all, it is desirable to can be reached justifies the expectation give much encouragenlent to emigre- that most of the women who have be - tion after the war, come earners during the war will want Every other warriag country is do- to continue as eaaners after the war. Ing everything possible to keep its The age at: which women marry will People at home after the war. France continue to advance, leingtItening the and Gerinany more than the others period during which they may remain are concerned to restore their point- in industry. The disposition of married 'talon, and M France there le con- women to go outaide the homes to fiad stant diecussion of measureto in - their occupation is also strikingly' on crease the country'a population. As the increase European areas and population't s go, , ' France ie far from populated to its here are more than a few people reasonable capacity, Germany was de- who view with real concern the possi- cicledly becoming over-crewded tiefore bility of a coining time when there the war, but neverthelece it had been may be altogether too great a prepon- for many years the ernpire'e policy to derante of women in the population keep its people at home; the World and in the industrial competition of knows now that keeping them at home the country. After all, women in Iron - was part of the conepiracy to make works, women hustling baggage at this war poseible. railway stations, women plowing the England's attitude toward emigre.- fields and manufacturing shrapnel cas- tion has been different from that of ings or sewing imachines repreeent a the other countriee, because Etigliaid pretty revolunionary development that bile an empire of undeveloped oppor- has suddenly been brought about un- tunity, and the inetant response of the der the pressure of war necessities. dominions when the time of imperial EFFECT ON CHILDREN. danger came convinced the mother country that a programme looking to • Conservatively disposed Liberals are building up the empire in all its parte showing a disposition not to push mat. into a group of powerful nations ters too fast, They would like to know would in the end strengthen the home 'what effect a generation of this sort eountry as well as the dominions. 'of experience would have on the Wo - INTEREST IN COLONIES. manhood of the country, They are So soon after the bigness of the war wondering what effect an unrestricted came to be realieed a a aye of isenti- :rejection of women more and more mental interest in colonial expansion into strange occupations may have on swept over England, Meetings were the number of children that will be held, articles were written in the born into the world in the future, and newspapers and periodical's; public still more what effect it may have on men addressed themselves to' the sub- .the upbringing of those children. ject and there wae a ferment of int- It is in this connection that the ereat in spreading England out to the !advocates of educational reform come dominions. ;la with the demand that the country's A considerable time ago the Em- tschool system be modernized and that pire Settlement Comruittee aefae farm- 4educational opportunity be made uni- ed to give directicn to this enthusiasm iversal. about developing the dominions, It is ' It is recognized that England's chit - a quaal-officiai organization, under the (dren of the future are liable to see less chairmanship of Lord Tennyson, for- merly GovernoreGeneral of Australia. All the State, s and Provincca et the dominions are represented in the 'membership, which is Go large as to be unwieldy and impractical. After the committee waa appointed a series of delay's ensued, and only re- cently has the body been -brought to- gether to take up eeriously the work In hand. The general scheme is to pro- vide returning (soldier's and their fam- ilies with meiteht to emigrate overseas and to give them opportunity to take land. The projects ail represent some sort of adaptation of the American homestead policy. The coloniee, par- ticularly Africa, Australia and Canada, are naturally deeply interested in the enterprise, because they all want as much immigration as can be had, and are particularly anxious for immi- grants from Great Britain. But there le iacreasing uncertainty In England whether it is going to be desirable, after teeing perhaps a mil- lion men in the war and having an- other million maimed and incapacitat- ed, to give strong. encouragement to projects foe sending another mill or two to the ends' of the earth. Some very eerioue minded folk have been in- quiriag into this aspect of the mat- ter, and there are beginning, to be, eigns of a change. Even as matters will stand at the war's end, without considerieg the poseibilitleas of a great emigration, it 1.3 'calculated that the British elector- ate In the near future, after the fran- chise reforni legislatitn has been paesed, including votes for women, will number about 2,2,000.000 voters, among whom a majority of about 2,- 000,000 will be women. The prospect or England being domi- nated by the votes of women doesn't seem to frighten anybody a bit. It has been discovered that the women's vote in England is going to be just as mythical as the "labor vote" and the "Catholic vote" and the "Jew vote" and the "German vote," and all the other votes that were heard about in America -except on the day after the election. The women in Canada are going to do just as the men in England and elsewhere do. They are going to vote to suit themselves, and when once they all get the privilege of voting there will be an end forever to the pos- sibility of divielon an Erex WOMEN TO WIN ALL. This is exactly what the women suf- fragists have always said, and now even such erstwhile determined antag- onists of woman suffrage as air, As- quith, are admitting that the one sure way to avoid the possibility of divi- sion on sex lines is to give women everything men have. And they are going to get it, too; there isn't a re- spectful handful of people left in Eng- land who have doubts on this paint. iof their homes and less of their moth- ers in the homes and that something must be substituted for these influ- ences. The educational reforms make a0 highly impressive case, too. They point out that no matter whether or Inot England Is to become estabished 'on it permanent basis of a very large /preponderance of feminine population hit is at least. very sure that women In !the future are going to spend less time an the homes, less time in those domes - 'tic occupations which have tradition - ( ally been accounted the proper func- tions of women, and very much more 'time in the same kind of employments that absorb the attention and interests of men. THE NEW -STYLE MOTHER. I heard a very wise woman say recently that the mother who earns .wages and contributes them to the support of her family may be a more useful mother, may bear just as many children, may have a better under- standing of the duties of parents to their children. than the old-fashioned mother who stayed at home; but, nevertheless, the new kind of mother is going to be a different kind of mother, and nobody knows yet in what exact way she is going to be different, nor in what a variety of ways her children and the community are going to be affected by the change. Hence the manifestation of a hope that the reorganization of the social and industrial community may not be hurried.along too rapidly... The question of national strength, in comparison with other nations that England must regard as her competi- tors, also enters into all these con- siderations. Britain cannot afford to fall too far out of the stride set by other countries in this matter of in- creasing population. In the time of Queen Elizabeth, England bad about a third of the population of France, and probably not more than a fourth of the population of Spain. In Napo- leonic times France's population was much larger than that of Great Britain and Ireland, To -day this country has a considerably larger population than that of France, yet very much less than that of Germany, Britons realize that their country is inevitably going to be the leader of Europe in this social reorganization that will pivot upon the solution of the woman question. Tt will be a long time before Germany and Austria, ad- vances even to the liberal views that England now entertains. "Overhauling" Houses. By the year 1670 wooden chimneys and log houses of the Plymouth and Bay colonies were replaced by more slightly houses of two stories, which But even the moat self-confident of were frequently built with the second women have been a little shocked at the idea that the Britain of another decade might be ruled by the votes of 10,000,000 men and 12,000,000 women. There is a grave question as to the so- cial and industrial effects in the long run of encouraging such a position. It Is true that four million women Are now enumerated as being engaged in gainful occupations; in the country, which is an increase of considerably more than a Milton since the war started. 'Moreover, the wages of wo- men have ancreased very greatly, and homes. story jutting out a foot or two over the first and sometimes with the at- tic story still further extending over the second story. This "overhang" Is popularly supposed to have been built for the purpose of affording a con- venient shooting place from which to repel the Indians. This is, however, a historic fable. The overhanging sec- ond story was a comMon form ot Queen Elizabeth, and the Massachu- setts and Rhode Island settlers sim- ply and naturally copied their old MAKES PERFECT BREAD A MOORISH AFFAIR. Great Fair at Fez a Bright Picture of Morocoon Life. The great fair which was opened at Fos, recently, by rieneral Lyautel, the French resIdeat-General lo. Morocco, has been claimed, and jultlY oe, am yet another proof of the success of General Lyautey'a plans for the paeleleatlori of that country, Last year, It was an ex- hibition at Casablanca, and, at that time, Moors from all over Moroeco, at first perhaps a little doubtfully, but anon with greater confidence, Rocked tQ the old seaport to see the wondere whidh the manufacturing world of France had to show, The event Wee a great guccees. The news of it spread abroad throughout the country, with all the astonishing rapidity so char- acteristic of the East. The Moor, every- where, opened hie eyes to new ideate, and even the Beebe!, warrior began to gee that, after all, there might be some other professions as worth while as the calling of arms. And now comes the fair of Fez, and adjelning the Sultan's palace, le filled with stalls where one finds displayed a wonderful array of goods, samples of the products of France and of Merocco. The vast open space, comprising some fifteen acres, Is filled with a busy throng of men and womenof all colors, for your Moor can be of any complexion from the burnlahedswathinees or the Saude.nese to the strange, but nieces - prized pallor of the true citizen of Fez. They are clad -in all manner of gar- ments, There Is the long white robe of the cell -to-do, the black gaberino of the Moorish Jew, the short breeches, for wear, but always picturesque, of the man In the street; and there are the heeless slippers, - wonderful lade and wonderful yellows'ef eYerYbedY• There is a babel of sound everywhere representing great bargains to the dis- cussed and driven home; much action; many marvellous exhibitions of right- eous wrath at "exorbitant demands," much walking away In high dudgeon, only to come back next moment and begin all over again; much trade geing on, none the lees. Thee, ',here are, of course, the side shows, here as at every fair throughout the world; white-rebed groups seated in a circle on the ground looking on at some wonderful dance, invariably accompanied by much shout- ing and the letting off of muskets of smite e.stonisbing length. And in It and through It all, the donkeys and mules, bearing bundles and bale e of all Bhopal and sizes, find their way. No one ever thinks of moving to let theni pass, for the beast has no right-of-way in aloe- occe Does he come acmes a group seat- ed on the ground right in his path, he gently znoves to one side, and never a head turned to look at him. But a word must he said about Fez itself, It is a city with very check- rtregoehsi,st ?trlytheFo,euanrdeg10,8 so ) ttirisdroit 11, it was successfully bersieged eighl times in the first 500 years of its ex- ilsatesuce. In elate thls, however, et I only once kelean a foreign master, and that was when the Turks took pes- o It in 1564, arid held It fora ToszTnftinie. Almost ell oriental cities are beautiful from a distance. and this Is true of Fez in a remarkable degree. It spreads itselt out a great mass of white -roofed houses, broken here and there by it mosque tower and minarets, rd banked age of ie leIrsst,YbSveeenlag.e-gfAevnts1608'. And every hill is crowned with the ruins of some ancient fortress, once the NiVhO wonder %al'ner0to 1 tpthe d eCOIlli trys I cle,dt but, to -day he prickly pear. The streets of Fez, like those of all other Moorish towns, are dark and ns rrow, with high houses, often built x2ght over the roadway, on both sides. Arid in Old Fez which is the business quarter of the town, the tradesman ells eross-leggeil, in the corner of his shop, with all his wares well • within reacts, and works away at his craft, shoe -mak- ing, ring making or what not, just see he has done through the centuries. - "Christian Science Monitor." WAY OF THE INCAS, More Light On Building of Won- derful City of lVfachu Picchu. Interesting facts concerning the builders of the wonderful city of Machu Picchu, the ancient Ineaa, are given in a communication to the U. S. National Geographic society by Pro- fessor Hiram Bingham, director of the Peruvian expedition of 1915, sent out by the society and Yale Univer- sity. The ruins of this great centre of a vanished civilization were discovs ered by Professor Bingham and his party after they had been lost for gen- erations. Some of the results of the expedition contained In the director's report to the National Geographic Society are given in a bulletin from the socleta's headquarters in Wash- ington. The 'buildings of Machu Picchu, writes Professor Bingham, had an elaborate system of highways through- out this little known and almost un explored country which lies between the Uruhamba valley and the Apur. Imao. The region was densely popu- lated, and Machu Picchu was its capi- tal. Lack of timber, the prevalence of heavy rains during part of the year, and the ease with which stone might be procured early led to the developmeat of stone as a building material. Strength and permanence were se- cured through the keying together of irregular blocks. The upper and lower surfaces of these stones were fre- quently convexed or toncaved, the convexity of one stone approximating the concaVity of the adjoining stone, Ip constructing their walls the pure arch was not evolved. Their pottery is marked by simple and graceful lines, bearing a striking resemblance to that of ancient Greece and resembling in its simplicity and utility some of the modern vessels at present in use in French kitchens, Owing to the supreme moisture of the climate, the remains of cloth are very few; but we know that the Inca peo. pies actually did arrive at a high de- gree of skill in the manufacture of textiles through their ability to pro- cure the wool of the alpaca. By the 2 and 3 lb. Cartons 20, SO and 100 lb. Sags. Made in one grade only—the Wheat I "Redpath" stands for sugar quality thai le the result of modern equipment and methods, backed by 60 years experience and a determination to produce nothing unworthy of the name "REDPATH". "Let Rodpoth Sweeten it." • elee of hand looms artistic and in. Weal° patterns were prodUced, and cloth of the most delicate texture e was not ancontaaoa. Their Metal artieles wbeenereeittl Yt .on rieeS4rult etd,ha at litchi es op veeoep lhea voor Mean Picchu were extremely waken of bronze. Their surgical tools were probably Of bronze or obsidian. ISurgerY ap- pears to have been practiced to a eon- siderable •degree, if one may judge by the large number of trepanned slaille that we have found in eave a within a radius Of twenty-five miles of Machu Picchu. In same oases the eause ot the operation appease, to have been disease; in others evidence leads us to the eenclusion that the operation was intended to relieve (pain caused by Wounds received In battle. Since the fitteerite weapon of the Inca peoples was the sling, and clubs were cam. on, it Is not surPrising 'that the skulls of many soldiers should have aeeded the relief OW Came from skill. ful trepanning. In the art of wai they exhibit skill in defense rather than offense. Fortifications construct- ed with salients and re-entrant angles so as to admit of lateral fire were not uncommon. They had no machinery and did not uSe iron or steel., They used levers and inclined planes. They also made huge tibre ropes, out of which they eonstructed long suspension bridges. They thought nothing of handliug blocks of stone weighing five tons and upward. Indeed there are numerous stones that weigh over 15 tons which were fitted together with a skill that has amazed all beholders. It appears that the Incas and their Influence throughout the Andes ex- tended no farther north than the known limits of the llamas and the alpacas; in fact, the development of their culture may be said to have de- pended in large measure on their silo cess in domesticating these varieties of the South American camel so long ago that no wild members of either species remain. Their ability to raise ani, train hundreds of thousands of llamas which coula carry from 50 to 100 pounds apiece enabled the Inca peoples to carry out engineering and agricultural works far more difficult than they could have accomplished had they been obliged to depend on human burden -bearers. Most unfortunate was the failure of the Incas to develop an, alphebet, or even some form of hieroglyphic -alma lar to that which existed In Southern Mexico and ,Central America, It is re, markable indeed that a people wlio succeeded in equaling the ancient Egyptians in architecture, engtneer- ing, >pottery and textiles should have fallen so far behind in the development of a written language, This is the most serloas obstacle that stands in teltieteervpareisoinfgrace.ourlearning more of that * • ee BABY'S OWN TABLETS Of GREAT VALUE Mrs., J. A. Lagace, .Perpetue, Que., writes: "Baby's Own Tablets have been of great value to me and I would strongly recommend them to other mothers." Thousands of other mothers say the same thing. They have become convinced through actual use of the" Tablets that nothing can equal them in regulating the bowels • and stomach; driaing out constipation and indigestion; break- ing up colds and simple fevers; ex- pelling worms and curing colic. Tbe Tablets are sold by medicine dealers er by mail at 25 cents a box from The Dr. Williams' Medicine Co., Brock- ville, Ont. CANADIAN COMPARATIVE GRAIN STATISTICS. Quantity 'of wheat and other grain M store at terminal elevators, inter- ior terminal elevators and public ole. vetors In the east on. June 1, 1917, with comparisons for three years, BEST TREE FELLERS. Beavers Are More Ex.,pert Than the Best Lumberjacks. The -Most expert lumber jack is in- ferior to the beaver as a tree feller. Be cuts down trees in the most scien- tific way. He can fell a tree so it will fall toward the pond where he wishes to construct his home, thus saving himsett unnecessary a ores. After the trees are felled the con- struction work begins. fie works chiefly by night, for he is a nocturnal prowler, The moon is his lantern, the quiet of the night his inspiration, hid sharp teeth are his hatchet and chisel, and his little paws are his rneans of conveyance, his spade, his hammer and his trowel. His hard, flat, hairless and scaly tall is a propeller when swimming and a balance when he is abating timber, for he stands on his hind legs when gnawing down trees. The beaver is a strict vegetarian, ahd his diet consists chiefly of barks, tender shoots and water plants. To flood low grounds the beavers sometimes *have to build a dam exceeding fifty feet in length, They usually: lay it out with the curve teeing 'upstream. The foundation is built of poles four or five feet long by an inch or two thick. These they lay crosawiee, filling all creviees with mud. The beaver digs up mud with his fore feet, then holds it close to his breast with his fore legs, swims to where he has started his dam, and having deposited -it' in its propor place, beats the mud down with his paws - not with his tail, as has been believed, --St. Nicholas, Her Waist, Yet momethilues the "nip in" Is pre,. tended. There is nitwit leeway as to its po. eaten. Duarnostly it SllayS Where it really be- longs; • It may be !method', draped, ieethoe, beited,ageshed or simply suggested by line, ••-•••••••••• Psalter TiMe'affliets Itsall with old age, uventuauy . we 411seover that y011th li otranger than. affiietien, Chats With the Doctor (By s Physician) JOINTS. A joint or artieulation may be de- fined as the connecting point or stir - face of two or more bone a of the body. Contrary to the common nation, allY of tile bones et) cOnnected may be im. movable, as is the case, for example, with the articulations of the various bones of the skull. In this clase of articulation the structure of the joint is, naturally, much simpler than is the ease of the movable joints. A joint, when movable, may have a free or a limited range of movement. One of the freest of the joints Is that at the sleoulder, witile the most lila- ited are to be found among certain of the vertibrae. The part of the bone which is con- eerned in the construction of the joint is called its articular surface, and is covered by a layer of smooth silvery gristle or cartilage. This smooth lay- er %sedate' greatly in the free working of the ends of the bones upon each other. The bones which are joined la the articulation are tied together by extremely tough and flexible strings and bands of .fibrous tissue, called lig- aments.. in all normal action of the joint these ligamenta allow of suffiel- ent movement, but prevent it becom- Mg excessive unless" enough external force is applied to overcome their re- sistance. In such a case we have a joint injury, either a ruhtured liga- ment or a displacement of the ends of Ute bones -a dislocation. The freely immovable joints have a delicate lining of membrane covering them, forming their inner boundas• and this, known as the synovial mem- brane, 'secretes into the interior of the joint which it covers a whitish liquid, which acts as a lubricant of the sur- faces of the bones of the joint, and, in a healthy subject, is absorbed at the same rate as it is secreted. All the joints need a supply of blood to keep them healthy, and a nufebea of capillary vessels, are involved in their construction. ' As the various joints are constantly being used, and used 'violently, injur. les to them are far more uncommon. Fracture, dislocation, sprain and in- jary from the entry of some foreign body, Ouch as a bullet, are the most usual of these injuriea. The fiast sign visible is usually swelling, due to an increase in the synovial fluid or to blood from torn vessels. Where there is tearing or stretching of the liga- ments the swelling is usually due to the former fluid, and the condition is known as synovitis. Synovitis, how- ever, which means inflammation et the synovial membrane, very rarely occurs alone. Almost always some other part of the point is involved; either the ligaments are injured or the articular cartilage is affected --as In the rheumatic afeeases. These, toge- ther with other microbic diseases, are responsible for a great deal of joint trouble. INFECTION AND RESPONSIBILITY. A great amount of sic;kness and mor- tality might be prevented if people could be induced to take a more seri- ous view of their responsibilities to- wards the public. It should be eealiz- ed that to travel or to allow another person to travel' or to go into any place where there is an assemblage of people whilst suspected of suffering from an infectious illness Is an anti- social act. So, too, it Is the duty of any one knowing himself to be dan- gerous to others, a consumptive per- son, for instance, to take every possi- ble precautMn; so that at leaet he may not be the means of bringing other people into his own state of ill -health. Selfishness is hardly a strong enough expression to apply to the conduct of those who knowingly risk the health of others through carelessness or in- attention. THE COOKING OF ARTICHOKES. I mentioned last week the fact that one of the most useful subetitntes for the potato is the tuber known as the Jerusalem artichoke. This vegetable Is one of the easiest to grow, being ranch more vigorous and hardy than the po- tato. It stands frost, no matter bow severe, and can hold 1t1 Own in sail where the potato would either fade or prove almost fruitless. It le also vary easy to cook, and its flavor, although at first it may seem a little peculiar to some, yet generally is much appreci- ated by the cultivated palate. Perhaps the simplest method of cooking con- sists of placing them in boiling *Ater. , to which a little salt has been added. and allowing them to boil until tl.ey are sufficiently tender for a fork to be passed through them. Strain and pile on a dish. A little melted butter pour- ed over them improaes them. The time generally required for molting is ftboat 20 minutes. If they are rooked tod long they will become blackened. Parboiled and theu fried in boating dripping, they have a most delicate and attractive quality. In this way they can either be served as a vege- table, with the dinner, instead of pane toes, or as a separate savoury, They can also be cut in slices and Mesa briskly for about ten minutes, without being boiled first. They should be' idl- ed on a dish when cooked, and a little salt sprinkled over them. Boiled until tender, then thorouglay strained, to remove all water, they can be placed in a saucepan and beat- en up' with salt, pepper, and a little Milk or butter. Footery. All white oxfords. Enameled buckles. Dropped stitch hosiery. Grey suede for dress -up tiine. Low-heeled pumps - thank good- ness! DRS. SOPER ec WHITE SPECIALISTS Pile., Ectema, Asthma, Cetarrh, Pimples, Oyepepela, Epilopey, Rheumatism, Skin, KW. ney, Mooch Nerve and bladder DI , Call or abed flimsy !et het advise. Medicine furnished in tablet form. 1>ours.-10 5.81. to I and 2 to 8 pie, St:sleep-10 s m. its lsplit. fa commit.ito. pre. Dna, SOPER a wieiror 23 Tecetto ate TeteetteOate V1I01110 Nteeti011 '1111$ Paper, • **•• ••• 4, ON° M .4isamanurausimesumis THE MOQERN MOTHER. (life) Mrs. Ifeward-She's an devoted aa 51 eiother to him. Modern Mater-Grachausl Is she see in. deferent tts that? TO SAVE MONEY. (Detroit Irree Tress) "Do you save your money." "Aliater, it 1 saved itly money 1'il have to cheat the grocer toe the ceet mate" • ••••,. 41, 41. JOHNNY'S COM Ea3ACK, (Puck) "What dirty hands yon have, John. ny, ' f.tud his teacher. "%emu weuld you say If I came to 5(10,01 that way!" -1 would say nothing'," replica JOhnny. "I'd be too polite," •••••••••• • ••• • TURNED DOWN. (Beaton Transcript) Thnel Suitor --1 suppose when you recall lint a handsome man your rirst hus- bane was you wouldn't consider me for a minute? Jae tty Widow --'Oh, yes I would -but 1 etaildn't coneider you for a second, •••••• FARM WORK. (Buffalo Express) "Planted aeything in your garden yet?" "Both rubbers, two pencils and a foune Lain pen," AMATEUR GARDENING. (Wallington Star) "Are you making gardens?" "3 hate; what J. call it," replied Mr. Croeslots. "My wife and daughters call it merely mussing up the yard." .1•••••••••••••••••• UNCLE'a IDEA. urea Aunt Nancy -They haven't sent you this month's number of that magakine that you subscribed to, Eben. LJncle Eben -Maybe they're sore, Nancy. You know 1 ain't half read the last one yet. HUBBY'S EXCUSE,' (Boston Tronscript) "John," whispered his wife, "I'm thor- oughly convinced that there is a burglar downstairs. "Well, my dear," replied her husband elecpily, "I hope you don't expect me to have to have the courage of your con- victions." - - PLACING HIM, (Baltimore American), "Did your master live in a state of rerturbatien?" No sir. He lived in the suburbs." - - A SURE REMEDY. (Judge) "How did you get rid of that bore Jones and his prattle about his new baby?" "I introduced him to Brown, who had a new car." A WOMAN'S REASON. (Exchange) "But, my dear, why did you refuse to dine with the Mertens, wle m eve like, and accept this inyitatIon to the Follete, whom we detest?' "It's .perfectly simple, 211 s. Morton hay; seen this gown before at t Mrs. 'Fel- let hasn't." TRUE POETRY. (Washington Stale 'What's your idea of true poetry?" "1 haven't any," replied Mr. Cum- rox. 'According to mother and the girls, it has to be 'something I ',don't understand, written by somebody whose name. I can't pronounce." BLIN D. (Puck.) "John, did you take the note to Mr. Jones?" "Yes, but I don't think he can read IL" "Why so, John?" "Because he is blind, sir. While I wur in the room he axed me twice where my hat wur, and it wur On my head all the time." 4 • • A WISE SURGEON. (Puck.) "How, do you manage to get so many surgical cases?" "I recommend motoring to my patients for the sake of the open air," replied the doctor. "Then it's only a question of time." SHE KNEW. (Life.) Nodd-Are you sure your wife lonowe I'm going home to dinner with you? Todd -Knows? Well, rather! Why, my dear fellow, I argued with her about it this mornihg for nearly half an hour. DoLAN WAS CUTE. (Washington Star.) "A man told me he was in favor of peace at any price," retharked Mr. Dolan. "And then what happened?" replied Mr. Rafferty. "I never answered him. I knew be, was only tryin' to start a row au' make it look I was to blame." •••••••• ••• •••••-•• HIS "BERTH." (Puck) Conductor -What's the number of your berth? 'Uncle IIirem-Wall, let's see -it's July, 10, 1245, THE PROFESSOR'S BOAST. (Life) "My dear lady, I go further than be. liming in woman suffrage. I maintain that enan and weinah are equal in every way." "Oh, Professor! Now yotere bragging... FEW LEAVINGS. (Puck) Tailor. -It's 'wonderful -what a change new clothes make in a man. Freshman (gazing on the remnants of his allowance) -"It's wonderful whet a little they leave. • • • PROFIT AND LOSS. (Washington Star) "You seem troubled, about your gar- denirg "Yes," replied Mr, Crosslots, "I'm wondering whether I can rise enough to take care Of the cepectIonal appetite the outdoor exertise will give ole." Skirt SkitS. Apron panels galore. Hon embroldetcry to the fore Checkered hem edgings are nifty. Inset hip darts of contrasting fabric. Barrel lines emphasized by bands Of stitehing. ••••w•••••••••••41•10* Indian Relicd. e.opper banner stOrie er ceremonial weapon of ancient Indian days, which 'WU unearthed in -Pond du I.ae during the digging of a sower, is 'shaped like an ancient battle axe and has two blades and a hole for a handle. It was found six feet in the earth and is be- lieved to have been lost on the lake shore many ages ago, before the lake receded to its present level, or buried by a, later generation of Indians. A cache of interesting Indian relital and weapons was dug up in the same Oily eeveral yearn ngo.--blxcharige. •1•••••••*41,41.4io•m••• June brides gather an additiohal honor thh.1 3•ear. Tbey also bwome war brides.--Ws-shington Herald.