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56 THE RURAL VOICE
ADVICE
ENGINEER OFFERS
TILE DRAINAGE TIPS
The outlet of a subsurface drainage
system is the system's most important
part. The outlet should receive great
care and attention during installation
and should be inspected at least once a
year.
Where possible, the number of
outlets should be kept to a minimum
by using one Targe main collector line.
The outlet should be protected from
erosion, settlement, rodents, silting,
shifting, and damage by machinery.
Use a corrugated non -perforated
metal pipe with a minimum length of
12 feet. The outlet pipe should angle
downstream. Install the outlet pipe
immediately after digging the trench.
The ditch bottom and banks should
be rip -rapped to prevent erosion. The
rip -rap should be at least five feet wide
across the ditch bottom and up the
other bank. Fieldstone may be used as
rip -rap if it is irregular in shape and
hand placed.
Where ice damage could occur, the
outlet should be built flush with the
ditch bank. Rip -rap should be instal-
led around and below the outlet to
prevent erosion.
The tile drain should extend well
into the outlet pipe. Plastic drains
should extend 39 inches into the outlet
pipe and clay or concrete half the
length of the first tile. The joint
should be tightly sealed with concrete
or geotextile material. Shifting and
erosion around the pipe will be dis-
couraged if the backfill material over
the joint and the outlet pipe is well -
compacted.
A rodent grate on the outlet pipe is
essential. The grate should be hinged
to allow cleaning and have openings
with a maximum width of one inch.
No surface flow should enter the
ditch at the same location as the drain
outlet. Where it is necessary to allow
surface water to enter a ditch, a pro-
perly designed drop structure or rock
chute should be built.
A tile drain outlet must be kept
clear or the drainage system cannot
function properly. Inspect in spring
and fall for silting, debris, erosion,
settlement, and misalignment.°
Harold K. House
Agricultural Engineer