The Rural Voice, 1993-04, Page 18f;;-:12
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SAIElY
14 THE RURAL VOICE
Diagnostics
Rhinitis in pigs — part one
by Dr. Ab Rehmtulla
Veterinary Laboratory Services
Huron Park
Rhinitis means inflammation of
membranes which line the nose
turbinates or scrolls that is caused
by infectious agents.
Rhinitis can be acute (short
duration), chronic (of prolonged
course), non-progressive
(reversible) or progres-
sive (non-reversible)
type. It is the last type —
Progressive Atrophic
Rhinitis — which most
producers are familiar
with due to its last stage
sign of twisted snouts.
This article will discuss
various types of rhinitis
with particular emphasis
on Atrophic Rhinitis.
1. A herpes virus — porcine
cytomegalovirus — causes a
particular type of rhinitis in pre -
weaning piglets called "Inclusion -
body Rhinitis". Up to a quarter of a
litter exhibits sneezing and stunted
growth while the rest of the litter
shows poor weight gains and un -
thriftiness. There is no snout de-
formity. Cytomegaloviral rhinitis
can only be diagnosed in a labora-
tory by tissue and virus studies.
2. Toxigenic strain of the
bacteria Bordetella bronchiseptica
causes a non-progressive form of
atrophic rhinitis in pigs up to about
six to eight weeks of age. Signs
observed are sneezing, snuffling,
snorting and a clear nasal discharge
at, or soon after, weaning. After a
duration of a few weeks, signs often
abate spontaneously. While
visually snout deformities are not
apparent, laboratory examination
often reveals shrinkage or depletion
of the lower and in severe cases,
both upper and lower scrolls.
Again laboratory isolation of
causative bacteria is required to
confirm that they alone are
involved in this disease.
3. Nasal infection with the
toxigenic strain of Pasteurella
multocida bacteria (type D) causes
the classical Progressive Atrophic
Rhinitis with the familiar profound
snout deformities through to about
22 weeks of age.
4. Miscellaneous infectious ag-
ents such as influenza virus, Myco-
plasma, Actinobacillus, etc. alone
or in combination with any of the
agents described above can also
result in rhinitis of vary-
ing degree and severity.
5. Lastly, a genetic
condition has been
recently identified in a
certain line of pigs which
produces, very occasion-
ally, an odd individual
exhibiting distorted
"pushed -in" snout
resembling atrophic
rhinitis which should not
be confused with the disease (#3
above) which we will discuss later
in greater detail.
For now, it is well to remember
that the only way toxigenic P.
multocida gains entry into a
hitherto "atrophic rhinitis -free"
herd is by recent introduction of
apparently normal but "carrier"
breeders or feeders. These pigs
carry these bacteria in their noses,
throats and tonsils, and given the
right combination of environment,
housing, management and
susceptible pigs, will readily
transmit these bacteria. Once
established, pig -to -pig transmission
of toxigenic P. multocida occurs
with relative ease under these
circumstances. What factors are
conducive to this occurring? What
can producers do to minimize this
threat? We will attempt to address
these questions in the second part of
this article.0
Carrier
s
spread
dise
ase
We have tried to keep our topics
timely and informative. Huwever, we
would welcome any suggestions from
readers for future topics. We would
also invite interested persons to tour
the facilities at the Diagnostics
Laboratory at Huron Park. We
would ask that you make prior
arrangements by phoning 228-6691,
Ext. 276.