The Signal, 1903-6-4, Page 28 Tllosan�h Jabs 4, 1903.
THE SIGNAL : GOdERIUH ONTARIO
?ht' C1
IIu11i:1(11'1. 1I\1'.U; l'.
Pl'RUSH El1 EVERY T111'It411:\1'
144
V.4\A'fTF:It
'1'rh•ptear 4 all \o. Yl.
Terms of Subscription
$I.44 111'r anima, In .411,..1',•.
,I% a1..nUu.:ss, . lhnc 1111411111••, 2.4'.
S iilssri141•es who full 1.1 14.111.• Trot Mo., u
0'1111.111) 141 Mali w 111 iter a boor ,).4-.
qu"lwf411 u. 41 the 1.444 4,l 14 r,0'I) .4 414414. •.
p .....16144.
When a ehangr of aimv'. i. dr.inrt wet, Ihr
old mud 4114 law alder.. -(.4,4414 411' gis en.
Advertising Rates
I ''�gtal and other •,n.,L11 sols 4'H i.1•nlrot.. Inc
perI1 (1e for (1141 I11-4r114u and a. Lor liar fie
x4.44 .44111.4,44044* u...'rl iuu. %Ira..u0'.1 61 it
nonparril.este. t 4.4•11r (.a4'. 144.0l 114. 11.
Ilu.il.•..,
Ant, .l -it liar, 44,444 11111111. II, fel
yew.
Ads .rti+•,ural. of IAvt_ Fomes .,,,rood. 'a
mations V4\1•41.111 4,44,A \4,1111 4. Ilotoc. to,
role or to I(t'il, i'Arill, for .'*I4' u, 10 1(01,1.
Article. for 9,.lv. rte_ ilia rsee4r1lag right
Intr.. '6L; emit inwrnuu .$1 for lie, month.
for each .4114.a.lnrnl 414411,11.. Larger al, ret w•.
(111,141. 111 144'4,1.4,1 .
Ln'«I non.,. 111 1441444441'11 1) 114• 'x' ler liar:
\011,4111.' 14'14114441.:t , 4.-.111111 1) 114
Au 444,444,., nu'latie.
g 411 o
tent 441'1 w.ea. N11114411.-,. 44'+- 111.111
.\111 •1.,1.11110111-e• the 114.1141 .d 41)44)44 t. the
pm-antan I.ea4at of .11 1114111 14114,1111
,a iuu,
1.4.14•• 4...11,01.41,1-d v. .4144444+•11w•111 mud
to M• . 44.rg,•1 e4..,rhuw11,
1(414-. (or dl•pl.o .m4)•.,,triol w14rr1i.•
114,141. w 1111.' 4441'n an al•pli-nl•
he..
A.h1'r.. 4411 . ,111auaui. al Ione 1111
V.4\.%'tTF:lt k 444 11(i:ItTs11\.
Tw.:l.:
(1ndsn.th. 4,w.
u'44.Fat11 R. Ti11 ltnll.\Y. JI•\Y. I. i'an.
THE OTHER SIDE OF THE SHIELD.
Protectionists Are vont inu:rllc hold-
ing 11p the 1'1i1441 Stars ,/s :4,4 .•v'
ample of the'uc4',•.nful Nnrkin1olit of
thrid theories, Alia to three ,t 4,e, :4,Y•
4•,111411* 44'1111 N .e11N•1'tf1'1111 10.44" 111.'
argunlr11l seem.. to 111• 4 .41014( one.
More logical Ibiltkrl•, hat ,u'gu41I
that the n•11111'kalble industrial de-
velopment in the 1'11*11'1 State.. 1A.
been i4, spite Id. 1101 16.4.1111,4• nL 4*' fiw'a11
*11dirv. 1411(1 111,11 its rich 1•n4141wm en!
o/ 114411u•,iI 114x1111, its (r'''oom 11.4.111
the hilrileiling .441 11(1 41vs11.1114 of *h.•
014) vvnr141, 111141 its iminunil)'. :1 least
until rler11l )•ems, from the tax *4144Th
militarism motets from its ri4 els. 11r•
fat -tors *n it. r •rcll towers,.
%hic11 hnv.• up to *11.' p1r.1•n1 •
Ulan 1.0111111'1-)Ml14rt1'Id 1)11• 14%1114 II( a
high tariff. It is one of the charm-ter-
i.th, 41( a "protect system that
the burden. wh44t it imposes spoon Ihe•
Masks., lase•4 4.f the people le )414.411141• More x1111
1114141• iiMile,si%4• as t1mr woe. 1111: just
A. a disease At fl'l lightly regx1911Y1 in
time 'wpm J the strength 4.f the Nhole
holy, so 41141.1, i4i11u. t144•11I 1)',419(44
gra1lelly patella it. blighting effects
until 1144 whole industrial and ('44444'
III4'I'.'jlll ,.*'g14411z414 1111 41f the net ion is
vitiated and eiter,'a11,r1. In ,pile of
the wave 111 pr9mprell v which 511 pr••s-
rnt semis l4, he 4,t high %Ater mark in
the I ',sited Slates, Ihem Ore Ind
wattling sign. „f di'tr•.. mill of
trouble to c41 IiigaIlir '411,11
then• .hiug inmost newly made' ., policy
441,1,•11 pr. 444(4s (14(9.14411 ...mist 1* 11,11,
Hie 4x144*:, 4( it *1rriblr Iti*ut4 flog..
the 14 and side 4.v sill'
with 1.111• pompous display of pl in4.'I)
wea41411 is to be s•,n the horrid .111.4
Iwo le of whet'IYI and hopeless pot -
,wt y. It 114x)' slat**, toe."' %hum• at-
tentinn ha. never 1e'•11 dr1144n to Ihi.
aspect "f 1ridustnal life in the MI14*4.
1,, read t111' ni'*1,-),• NIIa'h w4• rrp11hl*sh
this week teen TLe \hint real
L'r.. 1'811:4411 may well hesitate to
(4114,44 the example of her nright",a 111
44 My.t4•111 N hll'11 has eVen permitted. if
it hrw not hronght 441114111. .111'11 ,b' -
plowable 1•undilinns.e.4119• therein 11.
picled.
BUDGET DEBATES AT OTTAWA.
'4'I,, hteIg,* 41,•1MIte14 of the past 141',
years, NWelt 1144)'4 been pro1onge1 for
earl* throe weeks Irl each occasion,
impress the Iisleui in 4,h.• Ileus' and
readers thr•nnghnnl the eo111144".' Ni*14
the 1..'k of ,Ins systematic 4111,1 speial-
i111Y1 handling by 'how. Who take part.
Among the bark -twitchers. loam
after (411(11 gets up and cnmmiirl.•9, nu
an average. All hour• And A half ,ash.
nn) for whet p'rpoae? Not. i4, one
(Ase out of 4,•11. to rnli)'inee t h.• ilous'
with his erg. '11t.. 11111 to reiterate
the 4ir4'4 expressed by the leader
from WI he takes his 411.', ,imply
int' Ihe ,alk,• of using Hansard 44.4 n
140111111111141*11' 411 1)11111144)1 N')I1.'ll 4..
*,walk 141 111, constituents. \\'lien a
n,enlLq' alddr,•ssl•. the Hoose his
words are I•eworded in the official
journal. end 1 he mitotic', how Mena—eel
eery 1.44(4' 411 memo •r"' using this as a
meals of reaellillg the people. A
41pe,41l of am hone And 11 111111 44..4, ter
count')- $2.:4)11, w ?meas the u4rtul.•r
4"1111 a411ns4Ic 411,,1 effectively etpress
hnn81•If in a cop better in his
weekly 111•W'plpM•1' 114141 line h*r vWe's
to be expresw'1 in oho 114114,• 1v his
Vote, except in ''4lrenle rases. If he
111•eirl'r 4,4.• ,•alight,• ail of his eon
1.1 1II,n4s it i••• open to hila to furnish
copies of hie lenders' speeches amt I he
division list. One Web..., 414' r1•.111t of
this 1•nlnw1, (1'11111 he 41.1114111101111 411 the
mender. %'0111,1 Iw 1eever enuptl'
benches 111 talk In. T811 observer all
I ie noose the preset'' )$phg7a1r.i and
Unenlightening method of c Meting
' Iludget 41,41444, npp',11,4 14004111V in
11.','1 of ref11rm.
It insight Ile 411.4411191 1•1nlr1 that
ninny tallow:Me pointers Are brought
out ,stun if the 4)4.1114(4' is greatly pr,-
t.rIrtY1 by ,1 sntrl•ritinit dnn.l• 41/ 4heti.
\\1•fi, Mgein.1 that ,4n..Tyat*4'' IY•He4•
I inn we put the quest inn : Are all the
"t'aluxlde" pointers 1•nunnelslna4,'
with the value of Ih.• time of I'Nrlin•
111e•tl) et $24 tier i11itten•. which le
tieing freely (iu"tel as a fair rndlptlt44-
til n.
It 1s well kilo.*n that men)' "f Our
I. ry(1• (1i4Y•IYM• ('41741 anis elements are
represented on the fl.wu of I'erli,unpnt
by n' 111,111' particular Mends .. ,.
For inetenl•e•. the ('11 Illi MNnu-
fertl11•ets' A *Ylw•iet.i"I4 is hooked After
b� (iermgn Taylor, M. 1'.: the hall..'
element *e well repr•wntd I.y Mr.
^••44444• Il\innipo 444 and Ralph Smith
e) ; the C. I'. 11. Iy Mr.
0.1e• and Hon. Mr. Tarte ; the
grangers and farmers getwrally 114.
.I:IIN•I I1,li*iso*L 4411d Mar 1111. \\')l%' 111,1
utiliia' this, condition and encourage
11119 1111'lllle'Il' to 4)441114' their a*te•llli4,rl
111 44441111' )Nu91.111441 p11a.,4 111 the quen-
tion, lu.arad 41( wandering All over it
for the ..lake of comieumdllg or praising
solely 04, party grounds? A fair trial
along these linen wo1141 at least 111Akc
for 1114114• intelligent (1is•oseion and *1s
t,u11luail,•11, closer attention gi,.'n to
the 41M•nkrt•8: there would he more nu -
s1, 0.111411 111141 II•ss''4(iti.4)1," 11. %%.
• EDITORIAL NOTES.
\\'h.et is so rare a.% M day in Julie
\n4) the r1111w•ierlee•lenl joke' replies,
Use in F',•bru44r)'.
The 7411.4/1110 'I'eI,•g*Yll„ declares that
Free e T ad e In IA.m41•41. \\'hick, c
nig (loin The '1'4'11•gr:(111, is err)' rn-
cour:lging /114 4,44' Prude.
Tli.• Toronto Star remarks : "In eitch
separate part of Canada,1111there appeal.
l.. 141• 11 .4',41144 local (ening that sub-
sidies .honht not 114 y1'4411041 to rail-
N'ayI else% here." —
\Innnf:t4tulr•Is are 4.0m ill14i11ing 4,l ,I
1:11.11 fau1i(4r .11141 ray they 4,(111114 gel
turn without paying higher %'Ages
than they ate worth. Mater clap 1111
., higher tariff ; that will bring the
N .l,{I•. 411144'1,. ----___.-
The ('toss 11 Lanai.4Department In
naming :1 pot of 114.44' (11N'll.hlpw in
Northern I lnlario after lurlulo•ts 01
1144' *Ae4is*lur•. prominent 1lergylnl•n
of the 1.1,14iurc, 4,111.111,•411, 111411 4,f
'I'orn11lo :11141 4141.•r ,4I•llril *1•m. There
o ill be a I11'Io(4 tow !Ishii), in honor of
I re inetei M•t' for I'41s1 111119141.
i. :4411111144.1' iudu4,•nlcul 44, the
imitations y 4.' 11111' tar plena
,1p4a1,1 4411 the 1,14141.4; of life if
he rea,•h,•s the raln44 of succi". he may
11+141• a (11W11s11141 named after 1 .
It 1s el. 4i111e1 by those who uphold
thankful for our uuu1,unl blessings And
psi v ilegtm.
The A1i4%e 14' from Thr 11441111114in
Spectator, which w1)'N so 1411111)* things
With 44'1111.1 w'i'4'1 t Agree that We
Ale All the 1114114' ple•1ts41 to express
entire e 'urlenrr With its remarks 111
this instance. Ontario is the rhlic44l
part of the earth and (*1 MI1.1'll'II IM the
finest slMlt in Ontario.
the duty 4,44 agrirultu'NI implement.
I11.14 4h.' tax ie (44,1 paid by (Ito. lathier
Ihat the foreign 111Aiti14'*11111' pays
the dol)'. A return brought down in
the 1141111,• at Ottawa the other day
shoo.. t11111 111 41411• )'1•a4' 111411111 $I' l,Il.11
4Ae paid to maker's of egrieullnrel
implements in 1' It 1144 te•lette of
.111t)' 111 g..Nls IIIa1111fU't 1114'1 11y them
for ,xpnrl. If 4111• 11111r•h,Ve1' doesn't
poly the duly. these maumfal•tiove.
4*" mortising a fraud on the ('4(1110inu
tr149ury.
The..14)41,' firing., the news that fol
Ihe present at least Germany Will
make 1141 fort h••4' r•pri'als against 1'.1,1-
ada 111 r•t11in*ioo1 for 1144• 4'anealiaul
surtax 4411 1 144111a 11 44114111.. `tonic
1 iulndi:ul join -Vials 1144%1• 4401 it into
Heir he,i,l dual in wrine way of 41t1e•1'
1111, I, ,1 %i.-*ory for Call/14111. 1•144 11•'1
1,•.1111 4,1 Ihr surtax i, that (',ulllli.ul
goods me in n' lea toe 'emit ion in *1,,'
Iierinan In,uk1.* Ihnn it,•y were be-
fore. 411114 Canadians 1)1(1 11 111:141.' it
Mole 410414111f for It.•nlsel yes to filo
1119. 111e 441.1141, *141')' *411111 f14.111 1;1.1'-
111,.14. If is 114.1 1944.) 444 /44' 44111.11•
11,.' 1.411411 t 14 111111141a .•11f11e4 111.
It 1,44,k1. :4,e if the tfelf, iii"('IIa1111M•r-
llin Government w*11 have• a lough
time of it 44111'' it 11414•(* the voters of
the 1.11(1481 I'iug,lom in a general eh... -
lion. Its 1'1111',at 111111/1 ppd1/•y has Aous-
441 lhl• ti.•1Yr atila4oni1nl of 1141• Nof1-
,mt.:eluisl., and there :11e threat.
from many a would-Iw Hampden
which i eli,'1le• that the Government
N -III L• 111 alp 444 kweird !Nisi( ion *4I,,YI
it :It 141111)4* the r„1141•t' of 4.1144111
rales u1141,•r 11.• lieW l,tw. 1'han111•1•-
lain's 'whey of Imperial protection
111111 carry the Mupmmel 441 the ,lgrield-
tural interests. but a 44 the nm4rw•1
of 1h•• people it will 141• Ircrive1 with
stern resentment, if %'e may judge
from *h.• results of the,•Irrtions lately
helot in which the 44raito tax was 4411
ism... The wily l'ulunial Mt,'Ietery 1.
.1,ingling his old age )14•1141i4111 scheme
before Ihr cuter* and is willing to
make use of the anti -foreign feeling
as a1 1•I,rt ion:wrillg agency, but John
114111 hats g*'nowally reftlw.I to 141• ulin-
led by catchpenny (1••4•i4r4, and his
dislike of foir•1glels d,M•,n't g4, s, far
,1, to ball him to inflict injury upon
III III W'I1
Plot t11 spite 1h.•n.. The Gin'.
4rnl40,ul's clli,I strength is the weak-
ness of 1141• ( (p1 ,44it14111. The Educa-
tion (fill awl the preferential tariff
proposals may have the effect 41f -
Mng the 411%41441 fon•rs of Iiritish Lib-
eralism. 11141 in this .'%cut the 11441,1(1 41f
Ihr•
1119.4411 11 GoVer11111r*t w11uld Iw
s4.4 led.
A Prayer.
40.41 ' do 4,•N Irl 114) bort (Inc s114:.
Ihi, rather wait until the 11141
That 1 and gn,wn In purity
Enough to enter 4.h) purr c*
Then lake ate. 1 will glwll) Ila.
.. 111441 111) 411re reuses below.
11, 141 her slay ' she I. lit birth
%hal 1 through (b»4th 114444 barn 111 be :
We mast her • on our poor earl
Thanll '.n.1 nerd i4, heaven moth thee :
„h.- hash her alna, already.
Moat 1.11,1 the. earth .1.01 en• 1 fly:
'('h.•n. 11,al, take u.•' 4Ve .tall he Orme.
Mone near than rs-er. park 111 row•I,
Iter angel ear. w :11 and • clear
M) hens evil than no; earlhl) speech.
.ted .1111..1. 1 .In4w 1,141, 1 , Owe.
Iter .,ml shall el,. 4'r be.
Jane. It 11,..•11 Lou ell.
FROM OUR CONTEMPORARIES.
E noes Noe..
1 'hl'»w' V,•w..
I -s • nes er+ren a •11911 ma•,
\4,r 1.1 a lmlar leaf fan.
\n.I .101.11 •stn• .. )on 11,1,4,
1 don 1 1104..4 a 114') ren.
*11 Outside.
New York Pre
IA•1 114 call A halt 4411 1111• ,1114!144.'
.% re they lo,r'ling ,Ind
1''. 6.144 4 4 11144 for rind :• thong,* now
l4, tl.• market 111151. rinds 1111,1• -eight 1."
of Ali inch Ih*4k. On 1Ile fruit *lands
114.•)' ,u,• heitut *full 141 I.o.k et big, fat,
.olid, lu.4iolw. When you get theta
hone. enol start 10 eat • you find *u-
.ide Iuisetabh• little kernel of 14libl4
pulls.
-- -� -' - MoW s Thr'. for Juggling?
Sullivan, whew• alWapp•Ir 16fewgo G'w..
5(111''' from 'rntont' was 111.• 4.41414.4• 114 \11 eye -witness 4,(n relrbrnt„1 fent
11111,11 concern In Ihi• 4)1,4,4sit14411, .,f 4i1rnt:Il jugglery told the following
tuned 11p this week a11(1 wee ex,lmintrl story of what he thought 111• 1.11w' *
'whore the public 11141 I..-.lentiltee hand of dud*;4,l flkit. a,4ing1Ilh
*1c41111.'l'I n 1.11:1111 I.4'. i.Y•* 111
411 lin.
4.441«11414' in 1.441(11) 144 hie ruts- 1.'11KIlt 44114) in .414' presence threw nn.•
Ile. lion with *h.• SOU u1"rlflintier deal. 41141 of it 11v4a1r1e *he sky, %'her• if
111. .WInr• (111(1 his p6.11'1 nil' in he ( rail.- 1' .•tun ire) ow if fastened to minuet hing
4, 419111 wan 1111,' 'I',1slnr, a 1.144.14 in Ihi• 11:1,1.1„,l'.'17,1111.1.-.14, .\ .log %.'13.11:...t1:14141111 lor.IKtt
t 'Irlw'll lewd` 111• Nlrt 111411, ,11111 thnl 1 1:1.174w
4, 11144 (Ill 141%'-
1 •r 1.414* of the titan!n l(4unel*444.1)' 11411
lie plaid '("11.11' one-half tllr• profit., upend. r1rI1•hiu44 Ihr nowt. *aid. dim-
1'tMrn Mallow Itis evidetwe the ('oil- nppan'l 111 It, ,air. In the W11111•
1111..' 't' I.( (44144 n ia(1Ids in11n.,I*at•- 11144 t A hog. n pusllu•r, as lino. and
1v .".1".11111111 TL' 1► 1 41,414011 '1 *11(11 Nv11' ntmre•Me*)'4'1)• w•ut "(4 u1*'
p 1 I kinin ;11141ell d*Wylp''11el 544 Ihe up.
n1er11L•I" se111,hel (141 w11111' 441 •r- p•r',•nd. .\t hist they pulled down
tin,, lea ween this affair and t he (*411111')' t I11' 411411,1 and 11111 11 in at ling, no 41114
uultler, 1.111 soled diw'4141•r 111,11111144 41f ever 1111•''e•in44 in what manner the
different nni'mle were 111141e to
theaanisl...
of theme stair/undinge 111 Mad i4, the the question of Government aas1Mtance
exteillr, (4iowth *a id Wilted, develop- to 14 144' 1 tn►lw•u11tineltal railway
need hindered, end the little 4111ee 441 • which cuttkI lw derided off -hand
d, •d to 1411 14411y death. One doctor 111+ a matter of every -day .wcurt'llt•r.
rays that t•11 per rent. of the children Tito MLitt 'r.4 LK1514,
Who engage 111 this work eontrart
4411414.' 4441141 pt11411 heftier. they 1114,
twelve yearn of- age ; mother states
that (twee at work (piny wi11 all be
dead *11 two years' time And their
Maces tints* by others, :f the Ny144.11l in
41111 permitted to exist. A horrible
(ural of (1rop 4'y is pn•valeut among
them: the change (1o(41 the heated
at1141144ph,•r.' of the mill to the chill
morning u4' night air often bring. 1111
(4ue•uuumix, w11iI,' the lint 11(kem m At
every lir•aalh (114114' M 11.4419't lipreading
ground for germ. of (IIIM•ar'111ew11.
.4. -(.idents with the machinery are,
1111,l','•V 44', very frequent. 1114114*' s,uth-
e11 eity n doctor s(411,1' that he hote
permo11111'. amputated • thorn a
loneliest fingers from childre11 whom.
hands 11:401 leen (aught in the
..machines. Siehable a4' such a•,idents
*14 oerur that 111 111 • fa,t.,ril•'
applicants for eupluyltenl, or their
pur•mtl or glmudiens, are obliged to
sign A contract that in •'1(W of injury
in the Mill the company will not he
held responsible.
/)4,r %4,111.1 imagine that i4, fllm•1•M
like thew, little incidents 1,1 negligence
4,u the part of the Irby nutlet,. would
be treated IenientIV. 1,1,11. 14.w'eVe•,
I4 11111 the 4,(1119. (411.' 5444*''.' In told of
leu little boys of ' • and eleven who
11,401 to walk three miles to work on
the twee',• -I • "night shift." One
night they wire tiVe 11.i1111trs late, laid
were shut out, having to (realty the
whole three miles lack *gain. Others
tell of little fellow's tur11el out of the
tailor)* al two in the morning for
N. • trilling fault. 'timid t4, g4, h •,
end twigging pennies! to sheep upon
the office floor. The blame of this
stair 411 things, rut., of 411111.*',
primarily with theparents who offer
their babes in sacrifice• to the Gifting
ten441•l( they olltain for their *resin•*.
It IN IIIIpMmlaUlr 414 fell the d,gra4111-
tio11 herein Implied. These (M'1ple lived
1114111g i11their4,N11,hiftless wary before
IIIc mills furnished tIe op Mo'lunity *o
411x1,' money' out 411 their r�lildr•u, and
could du 4, still lout (4,r the trlu ,1.ti.I
of at litter gain without 141•,s4naleffort.
It 114 rl4irlleil 1111 behalf 411 she p1444)11e 1.1
Ihe South that it is not their fault that
4114 leo 41,4194 1141( pn11rM't t111' children
front the rapacity of their parents.
1'his is 1111 doubt true in 4444 (144' an the
114•46.14 • • g force. go. The despicable
wire -pulling b)• 4'hirh the wtet,1,11
le44ielaties are• Iaratl)'zeI is door in
the inters( of the owners of tile wills,
Willi are largely respectable Iss.ple in
New England : but it is the poopls in
the South who elect those.1egisdx4ue4'1.
If is, indeed, not only i'1 the Mont 11
flat child labor IM we'llnon. In
t he amt hosed.• region. of I'1•un.ylt mina
"th.• childr,•n of the (4441'h:4duw" at,
e,(1'1)' inured to the life of toil. In,iu1-
in44 4111*' picker.. 111?' ea, r •as,
door boys 4411.1 helpers. :11111(1( 1 *4'1.11* )' -
Hy, thousand Ions 1111111 nine year,.
old 4411(1 upwarrle are ,•1111/10'141 til /11111
about the ndnt•n. Tlwir hour. 44re
lung, their work hand and their Wages
Alm ilit w 1:4,1 4,y cents 14"' 4144)'. Their
sister.. 1110111 the Age of IN. -lye yew-.
or thereat.eata, are generally working
in knitting mill* 114 silk factories for
..(rue f,t•ly owed. per Ila)'. A .Ilullar
state of Attire ••x14144 1,1 1t1N11' other
',arts of the won:ar)'. Aew .'ling to
Ir. %'4'illieto, '. H11nt. chief slatistici,lu
fur *h•• (Toilet Staat,•4' p i nl:atoll, the
2, 1.4,41 of the fast 4,•n.us o ill show that
ninon Ili.• Mainland 411 Ihr 11,1111111,'
,Irl less than 1.7:41,11(1 p•t.wnls from
ten to fifteen ye"1. 441 Age 4119• 1.11-
)(Agei in gainful e,,'lupati.ne. Aleut*
1.1.11 11 worker, Ilrn*er• (",1148 n year.
f 44441• 11114 111 New York State :
Illinois Ilan 211.1111, (Wire as many
,1, in It417: Penm44y1414r1ia exeludinI(
,•114(4111%'(994 of the 1'latl hags
:?'4,1111
and M,ls444rhtmet(11, "the 1191111,'
of lilwrtv," 1141/4 9,1 4, In all the north-
ern eta, e law's to regulate an "age
limit" are 41n 4,h.' statute hooks. but
they. are practically a dead letter. In
sots,• i4d114*rie, no pretense of regu-
lation i41 oda...reed. Tiny children s•II
n4'rp4p14'(s till lweI''r li• ' o'clock
,It, night, %inter and 4 ': 1411.411,
from ..-11,41,1 time until nearly 1 -
night, cul and paste paper liege ;
other., again, 111 19111111M wlie•Ie (lir
f 'I)' 4141 Anil sleep, ..lake welding
.':Ike looses ; other. sew button. 4111 the
1•1111 111144 whi(h "Mwral4.rr'• hove• given
.141.1• to their parents, some rhiirhrn
,4. young 144 four years being employ --
4.1 in this ulxnnl•t•. (Me and ell Are
4;11114' IM•in44 robbed of the (ileo -given
iniyilegos of 411iI41h.ww* and in their
tweinet1114' 4444.'4 fnr.es nod shrunken
flame,. revivify the weird legends of
the fairy 4ha144rlin44.
People have not been wanting who
have said that this stale of (hinge is
inev'ilahl1 and 144 part of the ge'netal
...helm. of 1ndu411r11 evolution. The
Wine• W'IIs Wl141 in Englund 111 the early
part ,of the last waituly, It w'iM then
that the immortal lewd Mhaftelhllr'
entered open, his great work and won
his noble 4144.14)' after A lift)• -)•rare'
(111'41lr. There i4 110 donut that the
Manlrrnllronl( will be the result of the
(present agitation 14,, h.. United M4iti' .
111 Ihr 111V/411%4 1111.• 11 *n 4,h, fitly 41(
4'4- lry41tle to give his •nl MIglp or•t (4,
the nlov,•rn.•nf, and it 141 tone than
W011141 Meeul to 1941111,• well Wit .h*n *he
sphere of the labor union14, seeing that
IMI I w 'e
' 41 cheap b4, r al 114
e 1vni 441*lit f
rola 1 4
Towers the price 111 laalorr, Meantime
philrrdht•11phole are 4114 in the
natter. Otte of the nlerk11 that dilTrr-
tonti44los ('hrietlenity from all tith,•r re-
ligions *m its appreciation of the sact„i-
nese of,hi11h11411. To 111911)1 he "little
41nea' 141 1t religions dolt)', and if the
••cup of cold water" given with a gen-
erous motiveIleV)l' trail. /1f 1414 reward,
4,h, single -hearted effort of many of
the beet men and w"Irlen of the
United Stales will without doubt is.
recomp•ns•d by it public nnowirnc,•
i'. lk,n4d to Ihr demand of the hour
and 1144 all "emancipation" 1.41911 Inure
thorough In Its effect* than that of the
negro fort y year. ego.
;;rowers.
Real Nerve.
If the. 1141.111444' 1111111 were 1441419) why Ar'onnul.
he• w:a,toxins that the (*rand Trunk ••,41 uakiug 111111114 nl•rcr,' n•nulrkwl
Vacate Railway should be Will. hl• "Ned- 4;I ,,.,.. "1 m1•t a 1111411 the
44411.1 give the reason that \\',•tern 4.1 her night N(.4, hoe it in rul,Nsll
4'anm414 relines An xddit*onAl "ill 1.4 'rood*t v. Hr 41 ,4 nn 4,151a4,1qua11*int-
allrr. .4111 ( • 1.. wY• ns MIMWo
for its pr.11hlrls. 'Phis 114 (cru.tinh' the %. •:11'4 (4441, aid niter pouIring 11111 A 411,•
11111*r1 1.114011 1114' the ,'molt)'', itller4rl of wow borrow 441 14,111, :\ font' nights
in the ...nonlethal of the .'lad, 1,141 if :1 (o I happened in t he IA114111 11.4111 of
rhl,uld not 1,• Inst right of in Ihr dis- 411.' Fifth .\1,•11,.• Ile.t.•1, Nod 1 WIN" 1114'
(nssiun of the foul N(14y'm 11111 I11dn1.. 1)clrl44r pla)iu44. \\'h1•n I le•;lrnrd 411.•
1 44,14,•4 were $.111 x 4a11• 1 4514, 1111%n
Parliament. 11 i. all ver)' nice ("have flint wAh'hel the 4'ntert. My 819
.411 4(11-4',ulnli,n rout•, but if 11 memo. epnninlanee awn hod 1(144 $111:*, and as
that the (H111114,4 of the '44 (91 will get 11"..1'.1) 111 his rr 1 en*d to him:
:1 rent or Iwo Isms for every Imeliel ') nl'l c41'nthink yon'd letfrr
have paid Ole that $.1l1 titan to have
*4114''1 Ihe' ha41• 40 sell the)' will hard- post three t' •s the nn.here?'
1% 1.•4' Ihe 114,1111' 411 the 81.1141111•. Thr "11.' g'o'rse nl Int• for a few weentels.
I11,1r'oi.alnll nail: ',ay. is en 1114'ane111- •111'1 Ihe.. 4,,..,k nl)' hre:lh "w3)' h)• ro-
an road, w. *11,11 Wt. a11•not nnpnoVi11,'/1 join'(* NNp IAnd. man. lutcen't yon f41r•
w*111 the nm•:(1141 of reaching the ocean gotten that yet ?'
'N beetling
United Ir4WI*.. terra-
''Ni'.'.',that'. what 1 nall
nerve."
tory.
- Child Labor ,n *M Slates.
Mont rro 44-ilnr..
4'rn11.•nt 4011 n4r41i o of 1'11*I%flys that In 11r191tre'4 for •4pri1, M,u')- :\ ,-
1 plew'hi*.• Ravin,1(1441 a pathetic little
s1111 311 andel laking mooch "tTne1 the of a seven -year -'Id martyr to the
large opportunities for p•al:leti al by Mol.e•h of eonllnerl•lnlimm 44'1141 bloke
r"ntrlo'tol" Irl 11.444,11• with nnw•nlpl- down 11114)et• the strain ..f mixt v -Mix
I,1us .d*ticia ns. and Halt the stn. holms of night work per w,9•k in a
1 Georgie factory. That this is no i111-
14uvrer of Ihe rnilwvn wnnld form It a44in44r• "t' exreplinntl 1.111.4• iM V11110lell
huge elY'InraI Agency for the support for by nu ni...Hess witnew81•M. One
of their e1np1.yer44.the pert)' *n power. j"nrmllia "1 t1•pnt• tell" "A *hal 1.1y.
'I'hir i4 94,07* -righted W'''''''ing• aid girl'( six yrarN,111 apw'Anls Nur
rny)l44v„1, '*14.•14' 11'411(11)' *4'114 helot
The Canadian elector. nerd 41 • big '4141. 41,m k in the nor ' 44 until st'e'm
iss"e 144 111.4,111.11 them t" 441111.IIM at night. At teem they. soma on the
thought and art inn, and if they had t1/Nor and dev,nl' their food 4,r 111'011 441
11111 n1An,144en.'nt 4,111 1141t i"nnl 41111 WA 11:::44,
14•(4 11111411 thl' fnerlla 11 I'I,IIgld 4' N1111kfW
th,•n4 inln .'4.nsrl4,)1sne•4144, when they
on their hands they would M' 1114111' senor their nn414.1.1nn4141 tisk. Thr(
alert a111,111 gotl•rnnlental offal,* and work is generally watching the
w,ul4) we 111111 hungry contractors sI'indlrs un n *gent )' -1,41,1 1,111,"• and
and self s•1•k*ng 'editieians kept their t*'i1144 the hr4.krn Ihnall4, 1,4114,1' w'hirh
ne,Y•rm1tat,•s re•,Iw•lemr paring la(k Nod
1411,1114 4,H. Let the pr"plwl of puh4il' forth end moment; v'igil:fl e4' best II
owner -411p of 11111%x1'4 *1• Illw'Ie41Yl 4141 flew go Into the Illet•1'mll. It ie .'all.11-
1*» met its. feted that in Smith('arnline there err
twenty thnu411na "f *114'.4• *in4' work -
people, mon)' of *item laboring for ten
(wife per 11,19', 441114'' ever for five or
'*x rentA. The feet, whet 5111• kept run•
111Ilg day end night, ,(1111 ars 1.411 ,lel
114' (w' (11144414 "f little toile•1elter-
tnlely. The "night 14hift.," 441 might he
ex retro, reneh the 44'1119' of suffering.
(hoe et -titer 4e14er114es the children
*4"r'king from eh' .i rliw'k in the evening
11, six 111.1.41'k Mott ' ' 44 111 111
141nmm4hl•r1' 'mental sary e..4) 4(4,111,11
with h 'day and lint from the
11N`Ilil1. Al4'l "kept 11 wk4' rola
wat.•r *wing .1/tithed in their fares."
Thr phy,.irel, mental end moral effect
11 is 111.4(11411 again., the *ern n( K41.-
The longer we live and the • w4'
1181 of the eelettliti,a which 1)111ke life
A /1111114,/1 in other countries, the
w1• know Ito% well Prot-Mrnce hoe al-
rnn44el Ihir'gs for 4,M in thin Onteri"
"('nn,. TN. 11'14*11i1• fl.Mwl. 41111 4')141
111(1111)11 11. that %r r144r) 11*V4' floods
here. Nor 141 w1• helve eeringnwkl•M,
nor I4114141lides, nor eyelom•w, nor 14414
wattle, n'4' 4,11x4a1.1s, nor henvy hail.
mit grM«'h'pp•r•, not killing dm114hte,
f wm4,
e•
o • r
w• so 4)h, 4,r
r x
h nles
nor un d n I , IY
"( h4'•141 And ,'old, nor ilis•a).• 1•hy(nes.
\\'e err the rh.rs••n iw, 4)e x1111 we live
In a 11114411114444441s•.'I colntry, ,S'e oughttat be
• Mr. do den, when the liutme re-
as1M•4nhlyd after the holiday adjourn-
ment, undertook to force the hand of
the A,mlinistrat' by r (( laining
that the teflon). ( 'tetiou all hough
eel ir the speech front the
(1111,111' tll•arly three 1114111th114 ago, had
not leen appointed. \\ iii(,' thin is
44)11,in,ll); true, he mlighl have g
(111.411..1', 1111041111.1441 1111 4,111911• w'ee ,1a1)'
other *111)444.411)4 11119440119'$ 11119114l011,d
i4, ole sp'Y•h which have 114,4, yet horn
narhel. 141 x large extent he, or at
leant his follow.',"., are much to blame
for this. 'Che budget delate wag worn
threadbare the first week of its exist -
1 -1111., 11411 in the 1111(1,1tat1uu .41 a gen-
mal ele•t1(n there was a rush of M_
P.'s to untold themselves upon) Hous
44111, the campaign repreluctiuna of
which block the corridors of the hare.
metaand keep mune then 41)11' privet
w•1•lr•htry busy addressing and frank-
ing the "'perches" to the u(n41tit1-
YIII.Ie.. Ry t11141 111e•N11M 1114 ,,•dirte wits
kept alive fur 1114'4 t%'u weeks. Then.
1.k,, it is a ruumlun i44.411144•111.4' (or the
Opposition. putieulerly the Ontern ,
members, 4's, to laidg.r and lieckl,' the
\lini1*rrs by the hour upon a e114411
ite111 of espenditulr•. This is the way
the wheels of progress are (wing
blocked, N'hile on the face of things
ever) -t1(1144 appear:, do hie uwwing 1481(114'
fa. 'I,,i-iIv, The 1'0111111')• is growing
(*stet- than m • of its leadi4iane, but
thee ere :Gong hulks for bigger men
generally in 411. next I'arliauu•nt.
Tint RAILWAY Ie,MMIen1"N,
( g back to .\Ir. Ilorlell's 1,114'1'
p•1144ti1n of the Ministry r.'giirling its
!silky i4, 4441111441 ion with a ne•1/1141
411144111-ime111a1 mile,(', he au,kld for
51 statement front the Premier Ilwre-
up44.n. Sir \% 111r*d laturie', after to
alluding the leader of the Oppwitiml
that he 11x.1 tot given en)' (4u*Jc* of
1.11,-h 1111 i11111.11.u,1 1 ue•ltion,'Iolkr ulT-
haud ,(1Id nnllinel II1e .o'live the (lov-
er •nt hail txk.•11, ,11111 was quick to
41•nr• his opium -111s for demanding x11
imnnel i.tte the -lotion IIp41/11 ,1 (matter
whlctl 11:111 formally been brought I1••
fore 1'a•Ii141te•ut 41111)• n few weeks ago.
II, 4+1111 1t 441141 11 Wield 11111 *41)1.•11 di.- el.•-
111and.Y111r 1114.41 thorough consider -
Mt bill And careful handling, and (em-
elt/tied by intimating that he would
call M 411114414 41f Ih,yerllir•11* dupp,1•t-
et. Iwfole fin,? ly a ',ting (h.•
(1.,v.•rnulcnl.�
Regarding the pk•r4mnel of the ma*1-
way rlmmnieeinn, Ie• said dolt owing
to the difficulty of ...eating the con-
sent of Sir %Villi.ns \'AnIl.rnr to act
as 4'4 ' '11111, I hal gent 1.•14hall not h.tv-
in,( yet 4.,•41 I is way 1tear to art. 11„
aloe eim1•nlent (null he 111114*,', Kir
\CiIft•i,I ,Ito nl,•1111 • 1 John H.
114rtnun. 11 large shipbuilder at TuW,n-
t,. ns tone of th.• melt ''h'wt•n.
•
A.
'fHE WEEK AT OVfAWA.
W. Acheson & Son
IMPORTANT SALE OF SILKS and MUSLIMS.
We have just to hand a consignment for June
selling of over 900 yards of heavy corded Japan wash
silks for waists and dresses in a great variety of new
patterns and colors, pinks, blues, greens, grey, rose,
cerise, turquois, black, white, cream, widths of silk
20 to 21 inches. On sale this week at per yard
special 35c.
DRESS I1USLINS
English and French deems Iles, organdies, and dimities in every
(olur, in flu,wl, (lot, spray designs and silk stripe effect., at per yard ilk•,
tote, 1319 and 21k-.
CORSET SPECIAL
211 dozen pals thirst American y)utill,'tee! filled eoraeta, new model,
etr4ight front, long wand, and in grey or whit.. Min% 144 to 447, a ream,
$1,15 u.nwt and guaranteed by us for wear and perfect 41t, on special sale
at per pair 7:0•,
CARPET SALE EXTRAODINARY
Sattlmdsy and Monday clearing sale of *In ea lengths of tapestry and
Rruwwls slid Axminster car)e(N lengths of two to say 114 yards. A 144rge
Int has ecru IllIIINt1Vl from (hi. eemoon a cuttings now on special sale.
Tapestry carpets, length1 of 2 to dl )'*4144. This wesnn's designs amt
colorings, regular values ,ilk• and 4184•, at per yard Mc.
Brussel' and Axminster carter ends of from 2 to Ig) yards, regular
value *4)4* p1iee $1.111 to $I.ti. wile price per yard tile.
INSPECTION INVITED.
1'.444.41)1.4\ TR.\INC IY,M11Ms11VItH$ 144
KNO1,...N)1.
?Ir•. Kemp Wanted 141 know what
we. being dont• regenlitig a Caruulien
trade 4onuuis'iom'r 111 IAo11,11, Hon.
Mr. Peter -stela in' the ahs•nce of Sir
Hichonl ('atwright, replied that it
was now 441111• it 111441 ter of w8•uriug the
right '11"1 81141 h•• li11rrrrinl.'n4, hoped
441 III44kr All ( nm)re•ment ill A few
dales. 11.' 4411(1•81 that a trade 444 '
riun•t' Si 011141 also he 11,•444'1 Al lfit•-
minK1(44m, England.
ex emote 111M1•..4411CM %'11.1. 44144' RF:
14411.1'1)4411.
\\-hen the Railway 1141 'rwion !till
range up Again Mr. M4(,Ie441, and his
following put up A '1 it! fight In 11'..4k.•
it imam' rxpl144 c,on4anie'n, but the
Miniet•rthought that railway *r,fl14
and ita ll,Alrtltie44 would keep the
44.n11n i1Mit111 lousy without inrIndirue
1•xp,11•MM lompoutir4. whirl). Mr. Blair.
poent•d nut. roil.. he (*4111t with, if
neceas 4,•y, by 44 sgklrate iwt Orf I'itt•IiA-
111,•11l : whereupon' the Maclean wing
threw tip the sponge.
Mr. Barker 111 Il'i..) wanted the•
peot)le'' I',441 llnitlght ler the mop*
of 111e 4 '*.inn. It was,intel
ant that if hie vi1414 plrroil, * the
4'l '814141111.1x, ''U4, of equity towards
the other I'ilw*ye, womb! ►w obliged
441 114• 11111 an in1're51Mr of height
11111.4. Th111 seared the Merit nue
Province own out .If their boon, end
Mr. Blair'', 411es'retion proved a
"knockout.' t0 the Member from
Hamilton.
Irrl'.%W.\ 111 NKIIVO*'a.
Transportation Questions Occupy the
Attention of the House.
Members of Radwav Commission Not Vat Ap-
!wetted Express Companies will Not IN
Included Within Scope of lh. Commission
Candlelight 1n Ih. Mouse Notes hem Ih.
Caret*.
114)4,''1111 rnrn•44.,n.lenee of The '44(1111.1
Ot taws, %Inv :11th. Thin Sean' 114
earning A 1(.1114.1 spa*m 441 he called the
1rin141114rt11*ion session. with Mr. Hleir'e
!toaaw•ay 1' heoion 11111. the (?rand
Trunk eppl*cN*' for a trenw'ontin-
enlal uher1 'i'. end the (lover •*11'14
44nm1111 'in,*114tl"n of their nearwg.
meet of the 1.1',11.. Along with the . muyeemeey.
etanding readiness of the Nnrthweet l )ttswa hint been without rein nnw
IIn't,L•lw to 11p,rin4 Slme .lmplein1 p for nearly sixty tiava, end ninny lawn,.
again41* the ('.P.ft. Western service ; anre Already looking (mite brown.
detafee 'sport all of which conclude Meyon'-Cook prop:woo to fltr• off all the
fig gun. nn the 44nlperte 111 Nep'in
feint, to fry and induct• a eh,,w•er.
111. Worship evidently i elle%( , in
hind praying.
'('*4.'a Io r
11'11 tri 1fi m
if
fee is
keeping err' quiet., end little fa heard
of it n.wndeya. 1'en that 1w• .*M of
in regard to the fot•tiwr. They treat the sewltilm "f fifers 1• I)• W,
W. Acheson & Son.
A little panic prevailed in the minds
of the rnpitnl resident« loot Thurstlty
ell day: No (ewer than seven fire
Matins w'1•re wounded, and owing to
the terttfle gale whlr*l wee Mowing all
day the people e'en• naturally unenny,
a. "fine is n tender end seneitiv*'
emotion to the average Ottawa citi-
zen. In the evening, just after the
House had r'aw«4'•m41efloor recess,
all the lights in the building went out
And 4,111' whole sit)- Wag in derkn.,w
for' nearly All hour. PAndenluniint
reigned for x few minutes in the ('om-
.1•hAl11lM'r,. All the candles in
the hnildiil44 were e•o'unand,'4rd by
the aergl'xnt-A1-,Ir11111. who eu,'r4'•(11d
in 4401*n44 five, and these, with a vont-
oil hoop upon the table of the }1411181•,
frt'ni4h,'l1 all the Tight obtainable. The
Speek,•r 1,411111111) MIIMp'rn11Yl the moo -
for half a11 11.1111% and the'manlier,'
whiled away the t' • by singing, tell-
1nKNtalIPM et,.., Mete .. Archambault
and Tailed Loving the leaders In sing-
ing the atm'. 41111 81111448 heard at every
division. A (all wad male upon the
reporters, whereupon Mr. Mo•Krnna,
,.f The 111411f,Ix Herald, r'I1«pndlll
with at 1114419 Ming. which 44'119 well re-
ceived. if it devolved upon the 1411111'
berr, of the prem gallery t, furnish
f• 4'i 4)1 such •• •1 1.11 41
4,h In in non Int I'4' I ti n
K K K
I
of business. they 1'I,Illl *111.w t11,'
M.P. s A thing or two d M44sr44. Mr;
Kenna. Meyer ('.14,k, I',weinghatl
,Mail et Empire) and (i*d*h)' (Toronto
Star) w'el' 44i4en a flew' hand. ('411.
Tisdale statical to tell A 1 ' story
but the House did net quits' "tumble..
to the point he w•iMhel to make. Then•
Were a 141 of 1441i444 *n the ggal-
Irr•ieo, but they did not get wu111h'
excited ; in fact, they held their wads
until the Tight« were r•Mtnr'l "and
seemed to enjoy the efremelata11ce al.
h as anyone.
at(YT em.
Mr. Dart. Me(lillicuddy spent A few
house in the city 41n Friday.
The flag on the Tower fliess at half-
mast on art(lnt of the death of
Men*4,.r• O'Brien, of Montreal. De
wowedwas n ('.nw'retive, and ens
('*114'1 to the rel chamber in 144111.
On M*turlay Afternoon the ('on
W'ry:dive II)'Itllw•re and r•plrtere 111.1
portedthrrn81'lime i4, a genie of cricket
on the ('nnlm.01 side of the 11w11,
w'Iti1e4*) the SellAt4' aide et the Name
time 'he pages of the Hollow of 1' -
1t1ot11 engaged again«t. the I)itavya
1'oMew. Juniors for the lw1aehell
with a diecu.'inn of t.reneyortefl4n
generally. Any party going to the
4.011111.'7 with a pro 144n'11elVe trails -
p,rt*ttnn 11114111')' NInng with aM.11ran(•
of tariff potability . will heel. a pt•:groin!
herd to heat. The
he ('nn.erv,t feet' *41*
el present. "tooting' the (Iowa/Intent
simEtsEsmsailiMAIIMMIEMIEIVIMME11%
"In the Good Old
Summer Time is when
you need a SWELL SUIT.
Be ahead
of the warm weather by
leaving your order now.
Every piece of goods is new
and we have a fine assort-
ment to select from.
FRANK H. MARTIN
TAILOR.
CEO. W. THOMSON & SON
MUSIC DEPOT
Spring is coming
Hunt out your Bicycle
If you Il a v e n't one, cal
around and we will sell you
0x10.
"Recycle"
"Brantford"
"Crescent"
"Hyslop"
',Reiman
"Berlin" etc.
If you have a Wheel and it ser..'), repairs we have everything need
ful in the way of Tires, Pedals, Rims, (pokes, Saddles, Enamels,
et'. Our I( 'PAIR I)1P.'RTMgwT is in charge of a Repair man who under
stands and can make right any ill that a Wheel is heir to.
Our Musical Instruments still lead.
"Dominion" Pianos and Organr.
"Wormwith" and "Berlin" Pianos.
Guitars, Violin., Harmonicas, Mandolins, Gramophones.
10,000 sheets Music—Vocal and instrumental.
Write for a Catalogue.
6E0 W. T80111SON & SON
J. BROPHEY & 30N
— TER LOADING —
V%metfa\ D•'`y' etotft anlJ4
*mere ear.yally aftea.N le at all
bare, slab( Ar day.
A..bee eireel.
!aCab1e
WiRE BEDS
Patented 1st May, 11111
ARE, GUARANTEED
4'„a a\1.4' 114
J. BROPHEY & SON
(1t)I)EII1 11
Tell your Merchant
You saw his
Advertisement in
THE SIGNAL
-
HELLO
THE OLD
RELIABLE.
ALL KINDS OF
COAL
ALWAYS ON HAND
THS R[llT
Siiiiitou ilail C
iIf THE MARKT
AI Coal •roAshad on 164 Market Welts
wbfre retreat 17011 Ib.. for a lion
WM. LEE.
Orden 10f at LIM • $UPL>RD'e
Beare yeemut(y atisw4ed l..
IT '8 ALL RIGHT I
�
and Students may enter
Lis
4'o
It'
agony. tiros
SPRING TERM
h en. Msrrh 30th. Twe nnarsae, earn'
mere,e and 11 o,rthos& Rend for eel•
lege jowl' 1,
O. A Pi.RMiN(). A. 1. MoIiNTYRM,
tasmwtr.
Good Pin1ing All Ways and Always at Thr, Si
•
1'