HomeMy WebLinkAboutThe Brussels Post, 1961-02-23, Page 6Drilling Through
The Earth's Crust
MISS WINGS — Charlene Clay-
fee was named Miss Wings of
1961 at the 22nd annual
Wings Over the World cdrshow
and hostess beauty contest,
Backward Look
At A Boy Killer
LESS THAN A PING PONG BALL — Engineers at the NASA Research Center gather vital in-
formation concerning the effect of heat on the Project Mercury Satellite by testing this scale
model which weighs less than a ping pang ball. The model is shown being readied for shock
tunnel tests. Although the air blast lasts only 1/250th of a second, simulated temperatures
of 10,000 'degrees F. are reached. This is about the heat that would be encountered by a
spacecraft re-entering earth's atmosphere at 20 times the speed of sound.
TA KS
ity ,JamA
BLE
namw5
TAL
.
ruption of the native name Ny-
Ala Ponga, meaning bamboo-
eating bear, In the early nine-
teen-thirties, two more were
shot,
Could a giant panda be caught
alive? An American collector set
out to try, but while waiting in.
Shanghai for permission from
the government, he died. His
'widow, in New York, Ruth
Harkness, determined to 'use the
money he left in realizing his
great ambition. She went out to
China in 1935 and set out with
a young Chinese explorer, Quen-
tin Young.
For months they searched the
bamboo forests between 7,000
and 17,000 feet high which are
the panda's home. They saw
nothing. Then one day they
surprised a female giant panda
in a tree. She made off. In the
hollowed tree trunk, they found
a baby panda. The mother did
not return and Mrs. Harkness
picked up the baby and nursed
it.
Eeal tnht.9 k;
:Detects
Earthquake -netecti‘res",..,men.
whose job is the detection and
recording of big and little
eertequalces and tremors wher-,
ever they ,occur in the world
now believe that at least one
million. earth tremors. of varying
intensity take -place every year,
Fewer than 2,004 of these
hocks. have been detected an-
nually up to now, however SO
new detection equipment 0$
higher-than-ever sensitivity ha*
had to be evolved for the user
of seismologists.
It is so good that they believe
it will help them riot only to
record all the world's earth-
quakes but also to predict them
and perhaps indicate their cauere
This new hunt for earthqUakes
will be well under way this
autumn, Three hundred station.,
all round the world are already
recording and interpreting
earthquake data in a network
that includes all the Iron Cur-
tain countries — every centia,
ent, in fact, It bps just been dis-
covered that about 1,000 earth-
quakes occurred in Chile in May,
butthseem.nisioIogiats have been un-
able to' identify more- than fifty
of
It is now known that earth
movements • precede as well- as
follow earthquakes. Professor A,
C. Lawson; of the. University of
California, has proved. that the
earth in the Bolinas region,
California, moved as much am
twenty-four feet before the big
earthquakes of 1858 and 1900
and that the movement was per-
ceptible over a large area,
The world's two bad -earth-
quake spots today are; An area,
lying between the eastern Medi-
terranean and the Western
Himalayas.; and an area lying
a r o u n, d Japan and running
through the mountain chains of
South America.
Some people in these -areas pin
their faith not to the • sensitive
instruments of seismologists but
to what is known as the earth-
quake plant, the wild abrus.
This plant is so sensitive that
it changes „colour when an earth-
quake is imminent.
First man to study the abrus
was an Austrian baron named.
Nowack who also claimed that
it could predict thunderstorms.
King Edward V was so inter-
ested that he invited the baron
to. Britain to display the plant
— with what result history has
left unrecorded.
Mr., Frank V. Jeffries reported
in 1927 that his body recorded
distant earthquake treMora. Her
said: "At certain, periods during
the past 'five years when earth.-
quakes have occurred Lhave felt
tremblings, as it were, running
through my whole body. The
first experience I imagined to
be 'a heart attack but I found
my heart was beating quite nor-
mally, which increased any won
der.
"It was a curious shaking as
if someone were rocking my
bed from side to side yet Out-
wardly my body seemed free
from any movement."
Later,. he added, he found that
these tremblings always coincid-
ed with earth tremors in Ja-
pan and elsewhere,
To make the baby feel it was
being cuddled by its mother,
Mrs, Harkness put on a fur coat
when holding it, All the other
clothes they had were sacrificed
to keep the baby dry as they
worked their way through rain-
storms, for the baby's fur 'was
not yet thick enough to keep
out the wet.
On the way to the United
States, Mrs, Harkness devoted
herself entirely to the • baby.
When it was exhibited in Chi-
cago, it made a fantastic hit.
Apart from the crowds trying to
get a glimpse, shop windows
were crammed with panda toys
and its amusing markings made
it a natural for comic s t,r i p
artists.
Unfortunately the baby died
from over-eating in 1938, but
Mrs. Harkness went to China
again and caught another which
settled down.
Giant pandas are not aggres-
sive, but when full grown they
may weigh 300 lbs. — the size
of a small lion — and have to
be treated with great respect.
and any outer leaves that appear
tough. Lay artichokes on sides
and cut just the very tips where
they are prickly. Boil in 1 inch
of water for.10 minutes. Drain.
*
STUFFING
3 cups dry bread crumbs
4-5 sprigs of fresh parsley,
chopped
Dash of pepper
Salt to taste
1 clove garlic, chopped
lA cup olive oil
Mix all ingredients together
(except olive oil) in a bowl.
Spread artichoke leaves and stuff
in each row as much of the stuff-
ing as it will hold, Place stuffed
artichokes upright in a shallow
pan. Add ee cup Water to pan.
Pour the olive oil over ,the tops
of all the artichokes. Bake at
375°F. for 1 hour. Serve either
hot or cold.
*
"This season 'when fall apples
are on the market is a good time
to put up applesauce for winter
use. This is the way I make it,"
writes Mrs. Edith Leavitt, to the
Christian. Science Monitor,
SUPERIOR APPLE SAUCE
Wish, peel, and core apples
(number depends on quantity of
sauce you want to make). Slice
apples into bowl; cover with cold
water. Put peels and cores into
deep kettle; cover with cold wa-
ter; bring to boil and cook until
soft. Put through a coarse sieve.
Drain apple slices. Pour sieved
apple juice over apple slices,
using % juice to % apples. Cook
gently until mushy. Add about
% as much ,sugar as you have
apple pulp and juice; return to
slow heat; mash as it cooks, un-
til smooth. Put in hot, sterile
jars.
only while Awaiting execution,.
did he work on his drawings"
Young Starkweather had one
real talent, the criminologist
points out. He could use a gun.
Rere was his ego's answer to his
gnawing sense of failure. "I love
guns," he told Reinhardt. "They
give me a feeling of power that
nothing else can match,"
When be first began to play
with a gun, Charles said, he had
no intention of becoming a mass
killer, Nevertheless, he spent
hours re-enacting in his imagina-
tion killings he had seen In
movies and on TV; he drew the
gun. against the reflection of him-
self in the mirror.
"All the time, Charles' imag-
ination was moving him into
position of real murder. Imagin-
ary people were prostrate at his
feet to his intense satisfaction,"
says Dr, Reinhardt. "The time
came when his inner ego de-
mands could no longer be con-
tained in a world of fantesy."
Then Caril Ann Fugate, a pert
teenager, came into his life. "I
felt better after being with
Caril; I belonged to someone. I
never met a 14-year-old girl who
knowed so much; she could talk
like a grown-up woman,
"We had to be together," the
young killer told Dr. Reinhardt,
"I wanted to take her far away."
The need for money for the trip
drove Starkweather to his first
murder. The 50 days between the
filling-station killing and the
first day of the chain-murders
was a restless, impatient inter-
lude. "Everything was closing in
on Caril and me; she was having
toruble at home. Everyone was
against us; so we had to shoot
our way out."
In the next week, driving a.
succession of stolen cars, the
youthful murderer killed Caril's
mother, stepfather, and baby
half-sister, along with a farmer,
a Lincoln businessman, his wife
and their maid, a teen-age
couple, and a salesman. When his
gun was empty, and Wyoming
police Officers held Starkweather
fast, he could only say: "These
people got in our way. So I had
to kill them all,"
Phsychologlsts called Charles
Starkweather legally and men-
tally sane. In this opinion, Dr.
Reinhardt does not wholly agree.
"His consuming hatred and mor-
bid suspicions were not faked,"
he said. Much of his habitual be-
havior in sessions with me, was
definitely paranoiac."
During the interviews Rein-
hardt saw not a single sign of re-
morse in the young killer. "Why
did this happen to me?" he de-
manded. "Why couldn't I find the
life I heard people talk about?
I haven't eaten in a high-class
restaurant; I never seen the New
York Yankees play; I've never
been to Los Angeles." He shrug-
ged: "It doesn't matter . . . I
guess I never knowed about hap-
piness no how,"
When arrested in Wyoming,
Charles Starkweather wrote to
his father; "Dad, I am not sorry
for what I did, cause for the
first time me and Caril had more
fun ... All we wanted to do was
to get away together . ."
—From NEWSWEEK.
►
"Very few men leave their
footprints in the sands of time,"
says a teacher. Most of them
are too busy covering up their
tracks.
ISSUE 46 — 1960
THEM GRAMMAR I.
Did Shakespeare, asked So-
cialist Norman Thomas recently,
ever write a play entitled "Like
You Like It"? The elder states-
man of the Socialist Party offered
this example to a sales execu-
tives meeting in New York as he
crticized advertising men for
ruining the English language
with superlatives and poor gram-
mar. Citing the "Winston tastes
good like a cigarette should"
commercial, Thomas said it made
him wish he smoked so he could
quit smoking.
His fellow school kids used to
veil him "Bantam Red Head"
when he longed to be "Dead Eye
Charlie." He walked with a
swagger that gave his short,
bowed legs an exaggerated
curve. His head hung low; he
tee his eyes on the ground, He
had no money, few friends, no
regular job.
On Dec. 1, 1957, this 19-year-
old boy, Charles Starkweather of
Lincoln, Neb., killed Robert Col-
vert, a gas-station attendant.
Fifty days later, Starkweather
and his 14-year-old girl friend,
Caril Ann Fugate, set out on a
murderous trail from Lincoln to
Douglas, Wyo., that lasted eight
days and left ten other persons
dead, For his shocking crimes,
Starkweather was executed on
June 25, 1959. Caril Fugate was
sentenced to life in the Nebraska
Women's Reformatory.
In the past three years, psy-
chiatrists and crime experts
have tried to probe the secrets
beneath Starkweather's behavi-
or. The latest is Dr. James Mel-
vin Reinhardt, criminology pro-
fessor at the University of Nebr-
aska, who spent .30 hours inter-
viewing Starkweather in the
penitentiary before and after his
trial. His book, published last
month, "The Murderous Trail of
Charles Starkweather," is the
most perceptive report on the
strange nature of this young
chain-killer.
"Charles Starkweather was no
ordinary criminal,". writes Dr.
Reinhardt. "He did not inherit
the murderous pattern that cast
a horrible shadow over his own
family, and those of his innocent
victims, He belonged to no hood-
lum gangs; he was not a sex
maniac, he had no court record.
Yet before he was 20, he had
murdered eleven people."
The youth's trouble began on
his first day at school, the crim-
inologist reports, In Stark-
weather's own words: "The kids
picked on me . . , they made fun
of my bowed legs and my speech
(he stammered) This brought
on a bad mood. I would just sit
motionless, in one place, in a
gloomy manner. I built up a
hatred as hard as iron,"
When Starkweather quit
echool on finishing the ninth
grade, "his sickening discontent
had spread," writes Dr. Rein-
hardt. "His ego was defeated and
empty; he imagined himself re-
jected by society. Life was
worthless."
Apparently it never occurred
to the forlorn lad that "he might
attain position and power by
honest toil," He showed artistic
talent, Reinhardt writes. "But
Black-Eyed Beauty
Really Priceless
One animal, sure to draw the
crowds at any zoo is the giant
panda, the fantastic bear-like
animal with two beautiful black
eyes and black knee-boots which
make it look irresistibly comic
and cuddly.
$35,000 is the price tag the
London Zoo puts on its giant
panda, Chi-Chi. But Chi-Chi is
really pricelese. Not because of,
box-office appeal anderarity, but
because the Zoo may never get
another. Giant pandas live in a
small area of China and Can be
captured only by permission of
the Peking government, who are
naturally reluctant to license the
export of such a rarity.
For centuries visitors to China
refused to believe in the giant
panda. They saw pictures -of the
''bamboo beat,' but its colouring. I
seemed incredible, They thought
what ancient Chinese artists had
painted was a legendary animal,
like the phoenix or gelIfote
Then, ninety years ago, a French
missionary talking to a Chinese
magnate in southern China about
this black and white bear, was
persuaded it was a real animal,
Excited hunters and collectors
from Europe and America set
out to find the animal alive.
rtut one expedition after ati-
ether failed to get even a glim-
pse of it. Fifty years passed
withottt a clue.
Then two American hunterq
suddenly came bn one of the
s't'range createtes end shot it.
They called it panda 'from a cor-
"A squeeze of lemon juice" is
one of the world's oldest season-
ing secrets. It's as good on red
meats and fowl as on fish and
seafood. Fruits, leafy greens,
green beans, asparagus, toma-
toes and a great variety of soups
often need just a sprinkling of
lemon to spark a bright new fla-
vor. At the same time, lemon,
contributes lots of the ever-es-
sential vitamin C.
Lemon juice has lots of other
kitchen uses, too. Well-known,
of course, is the use of lemon
juice to prevent the browning of
peeled, uncooked peaches, apples,
bananas, pears or avocados. Lem-
on is also useful for keeping
white vegetables — potatoes or
eauliflower -- from turning col-
or, A half teaspoon of lemon to
a pint of cooking water is about
right for this.
MARINATED LAMB ROAST
1 teaspoon salt
Y2 teaspoon rosemary leaves
lh teaspoon ground thyme
Y2 teaspoon ground, black
,,pepper
1 teaspoon whole cloves
1% teaspoons whole allspice
1 bay leaf, crumbled
1 teaspoon slivered lemon rind
Z slices lemon
2 tablespoons fresh lemon
juice
2 beef bouillon cubes
2 cups hot water
"5 pound boned and rolled
leg of lamb
11s cup sliced fresh onion
% cup sliced carrots
11/2 tablespoons flour
2• tablespoons cold water
Heat first 12 ingredients to
boiling point., Pour over lamb.
Cool. Marinate in refrigerator
24 hours turning several times.
Add vegetables, cover and bake
in a preheated slow over (325°F)
2 hours or until lamb is almost
tender, basting from time to time
with the:marinade. Remove cov-
er and bake 11 hours or until
brown. Remove meat from pan.
Strain gravy and thicken• with
flour mixed to a smooth paste
with 2 tablespoons water. Cook
until slightly thickened.
' *61 pound leg of lamb with
bone may be Used. Cooking time
4 hours. YIELD: 12 servings. *
BARBECUED CHICKEN
cup butter.
1% teaspoons salt
1% teaspoons ground thyme
11/2 teaspoons powdered mustfird
3 tablespoons fresh lemon
juice
ri teaspoon, grated lemon rind
broiler chickens
1 E! teaspoons salt
tettspoon ground black
pepper
In a small saucepan heat but-
ter, salt, thyme, mustard and
lemon juice. Sties and cook over
low heat until butter is melted.
Add grated lemon rind. Wash,
split chickens, wipe dry and rub —
all sides with the remaining 11/2
teaspoons salt mixed with black
pepper, Place chickens on a grill
over slow burning charcoal fire,
Skin aide up, 2 inches from the
coals, Stick half of a lemon on
a long fork and using it as a
baster, baste with the sauce as
often. as chickens look dry. Cook
until Chickens are tender arid
evenly browned, 15 to 20 rein-
utes, Serve hot.
YIELD: 0' servings.
STU144th A till C110BES
ettielidices
'Wash artichokes,. Cut off stems
Project IVIohole, the ambitious
program to drill through the
crust of the earth, is technically
practical in. the opinion of one
of the world's top petroleum
geologists,
This favorable assessment by
a man familiar with the practi-
cal problems of drilling deep
holes should be encouraging to
natural scientists engaged in the
program.
Ever since, the project was of-
ficially leenehed by the National
Academy of Sciences in the
United States, critics have ex-
pressed doubts about the feasi-
bility of drilling several miles
through the solid crust of the
earth. The fact that the hole is
to be bored through the deep
ocean bottom with perhaps three
miles of water between the
drilling platform at the surface
and the top of the hole only in-
creased these doubts.
In a paper read at the annual
meeting of the British Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Sci-
ence, Dr. T, F. Gaskell, research
associate in the exploration de-
partment of British Petroleum
Company, Ltd., gave an analysis
of the practical problems which
may help dispel the doubts.
The project, he concluded,
"does not call for more than
doubling our present (drilling)
capabilities so that although the
achievement . . . may require
new techniques, it is quite clear-
ly within reach, .
Explaining the Mohole project
briefly, Dr, Gaskell noted that
the earth is believed to consist
of an inner liquid core surround-
ed by a solid mantle, which in
turn, is surrounded by a relative-
ly thin outer crust.
The aim of the project is to
penetrate into the top of the
mantle, Such a drilling is ex-
pected to shed considerable light
on questions of the earth's struc-
ture, history and origin.
The boundary between crust
and mantle is called the Mohoro-
vicic discontinuity, or "simply the
"Moho." Thus the hole that will
pierce this boundary, was dubbed
"Mohole."
The logical place to drill the
hole is the deep ocean floor.
Here the thickness of the crust
is only .a few miles, compared
to 20 or so miles under the con-
tinents. Moreover, by drilling
here, one can sample the deep
sea sediments which overlie the
bottom and which should con-
tain an unbroken record of the
ocean's history.
However, the problems of
drilling through several miles of
crust are compounded by the dif-
ficulty of handling the drill from
a ship in the deep ocean.
Dr. Gaskell showed a - picture
of a ship from which he sail
"quite deep holes" have been
drilled in relatively shallow sea
beds. He 'explained that the
ship's motion is taken up by gim-
bals and sliding sections of drill
pipe, enabling one to handle the
drilling equipment in all but the
roughest weather.
He noted that it will probably
be sufficient for drilling pur-
poses for the ship merely to
maintain its position relative to
anchored marker buoys by using
tugs or its own engines.
The drilling itself should not
be much more difficult than that
already encountered in sinking
deep holes, although ,some new
problems are bound to arise,
writes Robert C. Cowen in the
Christian. Science Monitor.
Aft er reviewing presently
used and experimental drilling
methods, Dr. Gaskell said he
can see no insurmountable dif-
ficulty here. Although the rock
will be somewhat tougher than
that usually encountered, the
actual thickness of rock to be
drilled, will he less than what
has already been achieved on
]and.
The new types of rocks to be
drilled and the problems of
handling equipment in deep
wafer may call for some re-
search to extend present tech-
piques or develop new ones. But
this, Dr. Gaskell said, is a prob-
lem the oil industry has to face.
anyway.
He explained that the oil in-
dustry has reached a point in
drilling operations where it
needs fundamental thoughts and
experiments on rock failure,
which is basic to drilling, rather
than new developments on old
ideas. The Mohole project could
stimulate this kind of research,
Among other things, it should
latent the thinking of a new
group of engineers and scientists.
to bear on the subject.
Experience is a wonderful
thing. It enables you to recog-
bite a mistake when you make
it again.
I'm a most considerate married`
man,
A virtuous life I lead.
I never plant more garden than
My wife has time to weed(
LIFE BY THE Pool True to the tradition of spdrtan
Lynn •Reftfiti4 Ueda two pillows' to cushionher -elbows while
bbsorbiri4 01e dufurrin
THE YAM WHAT AM ,--- Two-year-aid Joseph Arthur COrn"stetic
IV displciye e giant yam hi the ballis suburb of At-din-Wan:
J'oe'., Morn planted the yam hi her greenhouse last January. Spa
replanted it Outside in Jude end wdtched grow lb 13' povnJe.